China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Thermal Imaging for Arthritis Evaluation in a Small Animal Model
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Tuncel et al. (2016) obtained 217 rats of ages ranging from 7 to 20 weeks. Rats in groups of five were caged together and were fed autoclaved food and albidum water and were subjected to 14 h light and 10 h dark cycles. The normal rats were also fed the same diet as the barrier rats. 100 μL of pristane was injected intradermally at the dorsal side of the tail in 8–11-week-old rats. Next, 100 μL IFA of oil-induced arthritis (OIA) and CIA were dissolved in 150 μL of 0.1 M acetic acid and were administered intradermally to the rats. For the scoring, 1–5 points were assigned to the inflamed muscle or toe of the affected ankle. If the deformation accompanied by erythema was not observed, then the scoring was eliminated. The occurrence of chronic arthritis is illustrated in the experimental rats with ≥ 5 mean score or at least ≥ 6 score for 2 days following 60 days after the immunization. To perform the comparison between late stages of PIA and OIA based on histopathological studies, after 130 days of post injection of pristane or IFA, the paws were dissected and decalcified with EDTA solution. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to identify osteoclasts in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of hind paws. To visualize the calcified tissue, the paws were imaged with microcomputed tomography. Then, 3D volumes of the MicroCT images were segmented based on isotropic voxel of size 9 μm using open VMS by SCANCO.
Usage of Additive Manufacturing in Customised Bone Tissue-Engineering Scaffold
Published in Harish Kumar Banga, Rajesh Kumar, Parveen Kalra, Rajendra M. Belokar, Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications, 2023
Calcium phosphate ceramics are commonly utilised in tissue engineering of bone. This is owed to their properties of osteoconduction, biocompatibility as well as comparability to physiological bone composition (Becker et al., 2012). There is evidence in the literature of 3D-printed hydroxyapatite blocks demonstrating vascularisation and homogenous osteoconductivity. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds have been utilised for studying the effect of pore dimensions on human osteoblasts of foetal origin (Tarafder, Balla, Davies, Bandyopadhyay & Bose, 2013). It was noted that a reduction in pore dimension from 1,000 to 750 and/or 500 microns led to increased proliferated cell density. Upon analysing the histomorphometric characteristics of doped TCP scaffolds, it was concluded that these scaffolds allowed for a greater proportion of osteoid type bone at the early stages of deposition which was later followed by complete mineralisation. This points toward the translational benefits of rapid bone healing in vivo (Tarafder et al., 2013). Experiments with different pore dimensions of TCP scaffolds with the addition of SiO2 – ZnO have demonstrated an increase in cell viability. Not just osteoblasts, but osteoclasts have also been utilised in ratifying the biocompatibility of CaP ceramics. There was an observed differentiation of monocytes to multinuclear osteoclast type cells upon microscopy following tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and formation of lacunae (Detsch et al., 2011; Fielding, Bandyopadhyay & Bose, 2012).
Skeletal Mechanobiology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Alesha B. Castillo, Christopher R. Jacobs
The regulation of osteoclast recruitment and differentiation during remodeling is carried out by a family of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR)/TNF-like proteins including the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG).11 Osteoblasts and stromal cells enhance bone resorption through the expression of RANKL, a membrane-bound ligand, which binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors12 (Figure 13.1a). Binding activates the expression of osteoclast-specific markers including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K (CATK), the calcitonin receptor, and the β3-integrin, and is necessary for osteoclast maturation.12 Mature osteoclasts form a sealing zone and ruffled border atop bone surfaces, and create an acidic environment by releasing H+ ions, CATK, and metalloproteinases, all which serve to degrade bone matrix.13 Osteoblasts can also impede bone resorption through the expression of OPG, a soluble decoy receptor that competitively binds RANKL. Thus, the relative expression of OPG and RANKL in the local environment regulates bone resorption.
Tissue response to porous high density polyethylene as a three-dimensional scaffold for bone tissue engineering: An experimental study
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Juliana Martínez Rodríguez, Sandra J. Renou, María B. Guglielmotti, Daniel G. Olmedo
In the past, MNGCs were thought to have a negative effect on the healing process. However, it is well documented today that these cells can secrete growth factors favoring repair, and that the presence of BMGCs does not necessarily imply an adverse host response to the biomaterial. Furthermore, the presence of BMNGs can have a positive effect, since these cells can release different chemical mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes vasculogenesis and angiogenesis and thus benefits healing [37–39]. Barbeck et al. showed that labeling with molecules like hydrolytic enzyme tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) allows distinguishing pro- and anti-inflammatory subforms of MNGCs. However, the application of marker molecules such as TRAP and its role in the inflammatory tissue reaction to biomaterials need to be examined in greater depth [33].
The response of bone cells to titanium surfaces modified by simvastatin-loaded multilayered films
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Min Lai, Xufeng Yan, Ziyang Jin
To investigate the effect of multilayered simvastatin films-modified titanium substrate on osteoclast differentiation, osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells was activated by the presence of RANKL and M-CSF on different substrate sufaces. Multinucleated cells (osteoclasts) were observed on Ti and nano-Ti substrates rather than LBL coated Ti and SV-LBL coated Ti substrates (Figure 7A). tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity as an osteoclastic marker was used to evaluate the osteoclasts [38]. The TRAP activity of osteoclasts on LBL coated Ti and SV-LBL coated Ti substrates was significantly lower (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) than that on Ti and nano-Ti substrates, especially on SV-LBL coated Ti substrate (Figure 7B). These results indicate that SV-LBL coated Ti substrate inhibited osteoclast activity.
Analysis of stress and stabilization in adolescent with osteoporotic idiopathic scoliosis: finite element method
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Qiaolin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Teo. Ee Chon, Julien S. Baker, Yaodong Gu
In this study, the FE model was established by using the CT image of a normal person and the lumbar CT image of an AIS patient with frontal Cobb and lumbar lordosis angles of 43°and 45°. This study is different from previous studies in that lumbar scoliosis in this study is serious, and previous studies have not involved such serious scoliosis. Secondly, previous spinal FE studies are often limited to the biomechanical analysis of scoliosis or OP. Young's modulus of cancellous bone and endplate is used to simulate OP, and combined with AIS to explore the biomechanical characteristics of adolescents with osteoporotic idiopathic scoliosis. A significant relationship between severity of scoliosis and bone mineral density has been reported (Cheng et al. 1999), nearly one-third of all women and one-sixth of all men over age 65 have OP, and this condition is often accompanied by lumbar scoliosis (Routh et al. 2005; Íñiguez-Macedo et al. 2019). Previous studies have investigated bone mineral density and bone metabolism in AIS patients using the bone metabolism markers, bone alkaline phosphatase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase serum band 5. Sixty-five percent of AIS patients had osteopenia or OP and 59% of AIS patients had high values for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase serum band 5. The AIS patients with high values of Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase serum band 5 had lower Z scores than those with normal values of Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase serum band 5. Higher rates of bone resorption are associated with low bone density in AIS patients. Osteopenia or OP accounts for a large proportion of patients with AIS.