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Membranes in Food Technology
Published in Dennis R. Heldman, Daryl B. Lund, Cristina M. Sabliov, Handbook of Food Engineering, 2018
The key feature of electrodialysis is the separation of charged molecules from uncharged molecules, which gives electrodialysis a great potential in the separation of acids, bases and salts from aqueous solutions with a selectivity towards the charged molecules (Bailly et al., 2001). The mass transfer in electrodialysis is based on the Donnan exclusion mechanism using ion exchange membranes, while the driving force of electrodialysis is the gradient of the electrical potential across the membrane cell. Furthermore, electrodialysis can be applied for the concentration of electrically charged ions. This feature is used in the food industry, for example for the tartaric stabilization of wine by removing potassium, calcium cations and tartrate anions – a process which is recognized by the International Wine Office as “good practice” (Eurodia, 2002) – or whey demineralization in the dairy industry; see Section 10.7.1.3. The market share of electrodialysis in the food industry is, however, still very small compared to the classic membrane processes microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.
Membrane separation of antibiotics predicted with the back propagation neural network
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Mixuan Ye, Haidong Zhou, Xinxuan Xu, Lidan Pang, Yunjia Xu, Jingyuan Zhang, Danyan Li
Three types of membranes, i.e., microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were used. MF and UF membranes made from polyether sulfone were with pore size 0.1 µm and MWCO 5000 Da, respectively. NF membrane was made from polyamide with MWCO 300 Da. The effective filtration area of the 3 membranes was 2.2 m2, and pH tolerance was in the range of 1.5-11.0. These membranes were hydrophilic and negatively charged in the water solution during tests. The reference standards SMZ (CAS No.: 723-46-6), TC (CAS No.: 60-54-8), AZM (CAS No.: 83905-01-5), CIP (CAS No.: 85721-33-1) and internal standard SMZ-D4 were bought from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany) with above 95% purity. The detailed information above the compounds is shown in Appendix Table A1. Antibiotic stock solution (1 g/L) and internal standard stock solution (10 mg/L) were prepared and stored at −20 °C and protected from light before the start of the tests. Acetonitrile, dichloromethane, formic acid, methanol, and acetone were of HPLC grade. Potassium sodium tartrate, potassium persulfate, ascorbic acid, ammonium molybdate, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid were analytical grade or better. Poly-Sery HLB cartridges (6 cm3/200 mg) used for solid-phase extraction (SPE) were purchased from ANPEL (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water was prepared with an EPED ultrapure water-purifying system (Tianjin Automatic Science Instrument Co. Ltd., China).
Preparation and application of microcapsule containing sodium potassium tartrate for self-healing of cement
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Zhigang Peng, Chunyang Yu, Qian Feng, Yong Zheng, Jinhua Huo, Xinwei Liu
The microcapsule was successfully synthesized by using a mechanical agitator in a four-necked flask. The schematic diagram of microcapsule synthesis is shown in Figure 1. There are three steps of microcapsule synthesis as follows: (1) synthesis of urea-formaldehyde pre-polymer, (2) emulsion preparation, (3) synthesis of microcapsules. In the process of synthesizing microcapsule, three solutions were prepared and used, (1) S1 is a solution of surfactants, which are Span85 (3.6 g), OP-10 (0.6 g), dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (1.2 g), and 60 mL cyclohexane. (2) S2 is a solution of potassium sodium tartrate (7 g) in 13 mL of deionized water. (3) S3 is a solution of urea-formaldehyde pre-polymer.
Separation and phenol recovery from resin effluents by ultrafiltration. A proposal to use this method on an industrial scale
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Samuel Zaragoza, Claudia Muro, Karina Hernández, Vianney Díaz-Blancas, María Sonia Martínez, Riera Francisco
The following reagents were used to determine the characteristics and qualities of the phenol effluents: crystallized phenol; ammonium hydroxide; mercury sulfate powder; and crystallized potassium phthalate. These were all purchased from J.T. Baker. Ammonium chloride in granular form was purchased from Macron, crystals of sodium tartrate, potassium tartrate and potassium dichromate were purchased from Meyer. The 4-Aminoantipyrine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, crystals of potassium ferrocyanide was purchased from Fermont; concentrated sulfuric acid and silver sulfate crystals were purchased from Jalmek.