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Externalities and Photovoltaics
Published in Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, 2017
Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi
Public safety is also at issue when energy sources are considered. The Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accidents brought to the forefront public concern over nuclear safety. The location of large fuel tanks in highly populated areas is also of concern to public advocacy groups. Transport of various fuels is also problematic, especially when large tanker trucks and railroad tanker cars are involved in accidents that result in spilling of their contents and subsequent major efforts to clean up the damage before aquifers are affected. Such an accident occurred on June 4, 2016 along the Washington–Oregon border near Mosier, OR, which resulted in derailment of 16 of 96 tank cars, burning of four, and an oil slick on the Columbia River [17]. Even in the case of renewable energy sources, concern has been expressed about the possibility of construction accidents, since installation of renewable sources tends to be more labor intensive per installed kW than conventional sources. Manufacture of the materials used in conventional generation facilities carries with it both energy costs and materials costs, along with certain levels of exposure to hazardous or toxic materials. Similar costs are associated with the manufacture of PV cells and system components. Although these costs tend to be incorporated into the production cost of the materials, when toxic waste by-products result, they are often treated as externalities.
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Published in Michael L. Madigan, HAZMAT Guide for First Responders, 2017
A tank truck or tanker truck (United States usage) or petrol tanker (United Kingdom usage, both commonly shortened to tanker) is a motor vehicle designed to carry liquefied loads, dry bulk cargo, or gases on roads. The largest such vehicles are similar to railroad tank cars, which are also designed to carry liquefied loads. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids that can be transported. Tank trucks tend to be large; they may be insulated or noninsulated, pressurized or nonpressurized, and designed for single or multiple loads (often by means of internal divisions in their tank). Some are semitrailer trucks. They are difficult to drive due to their high center of gravity.
The Power and Transportation Future
Published in Michael Frank Hordeski, Hydrogen & Fuel Cells: Advances in Transportation and Power, 2020
Trailers carrying compressed hydrogen canisters provide a flexible way of delivery suited for the early years of hydrogen use. This is a relatively expensive delivery method since hydrogen has a low energy density and even with high-pressure storage, not that much hydrogen is actually being delivered. Current tube or canister trailers hold about 300-kg of hydrogen which is enough to fill sixty fuel cell cars. It is estimated that with improved high-pressure canisters, a trailer could hold about 400-kg of hydrogen or enough for about 80 fuel cell cars. A tanker truck for gasoline delivers about 26 metric tons of fuel, or 10,000 gallons which is enough to fill 800 cars.
A mathematical programming model for facility location optimization of hydrogen production from renewable energy sources
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Onur Derse, Elifcan Göçmen, Ebru Yılmaz, Rızvan Erol
Hydrogen prices are affected primarily by the transportation costs and effective options for hydrogen distribution overcome the higher production costs (Demir and Dincer 2018). Cost items mentioned in the objective function of our model are defined in the following: Production cost: This cost consists of the availability cost of the resource and production cost of the hydrogen.Transportation cost: This term is divided into two groups: Transportation cost utilizing tank trucks includes amount of the sources, hydrogen amount obtained from the source, transportation cost of the tank trucks, distances of tank trucks location to the region, and decision of taking a tank truck. Transportation cost utilizing pipeline includes amount of the sources, hydrogen amount obtained from the source, transportation cost of the pipeline, distance of pipeline location to the region, and decision of setting a pipeline system.Safety cost: This cost is rarely considered in the literature. Safety is considered in this article as leaking of hydrogen gaseous from the warehouse, tank trucks and pipeline. The leaking from the pipeline is examined as the rate of leaking H2, cost of H2 (m3), H2 capacity of the pipeline, decision of setting a pipeline system. The leaking H2 from the tank trucks is examined as the rate of leaking H2, cost of H2 (m3), H2 capacity of the tank trucks, number of the tank trucks, and decision of taking a tank truck. The leaking from the warehouse is examined as H2 capacity of the warehouse, current fullness of H2 in the warehouse, decision of installing a warehouse.Installing cost of the facility and warehouse: Installing cost of a facility, decision of a facility installation and installing cost of a warehouse, decision of a warehouse installation, and number of warehouses are considered in this term.Cost of transportation modes: Tank truck costs consist of number of the tank trucks, decision of taking a tank truck and tank truck cost based on the regions. Pipeline costs include decision of setting a pipeline system, cost of the pipeline in the region, and length of pipelines.Staff costs: Staff costs associated with working for the warehouses, pipelines, and tank trucks.