China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Solid Waste Source Reduction and Recycling
Published in Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell, Waste Management and Resource Recovery, 2017
Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell
Burning scrap tires as a fuel has increased significantly in recent years (USEPA, 1991). As Figure 4.8 shows, combustion consumed about 10.7% of the scrap tires in 1991. Tires shredded into particles of size 5 cm × 5 cm (2″ × 2″) or smaller, have proved to be an excellent supplementary industrial fuel when used in small percentages, typically 10% or less. Tire-derived fuel (TDF) has more energy per mass or weight than an equivalent amount of most types of coal—28,000 to 37,000 kJ/kg (12,000 to 16,000 BTU/lb) compared to 20,900 to 33,700 kJ/kg (9,000 to 14,500 BTU/lb) for bituminous coal. This energy content is generally equivalent to 9.5 liters of oil (2.5 gallons) per tire (Ansheles, 1991). The use of TDF is increasing in certain industries, including the pulp and paper industry and power utilities. Cement kilns can use shredded or even whole tires for fuel. Furthermore, the cement production can utilize the steel contained in the tires’ belts and beads. Despite these advantages, few cement plants in the United States use TDF. This stands in contrast to other countries, including Japan and several in Europe, and where burning tires in kilns is more common (USEPA, 1991). Some plant owners may be reluctant to burn tires because to do so requires repermitting and demonstrating that the plant meets air emission standards.
Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel: Markets and Issues
Published in Robert E. Landreth, Paul A. Rebers, Municipal Solid Wastes, 2020
While the TDF market is increasing, it is not without its opponents. Perhaps TDF's greatest problem is one of perception the belief that the combustion of tires simply must yield terrible black smoke, noxious odors, and toxic emissions. To a certain extent, one can understand the rationale for this uncontrolled, outdoor tire fires are known for these characteristics, and it is simply assumed that if you have environmental problems with one, there will be environmental problems with any form of tire combustion. Reports by the U.S. EPA confirm the Council's position that the use of TDF has actually improved emissions.
An Innovative Whole Tire Energy Recovery Process
Published in Gregory D. Boardman, Hazardous and Industrial Wastes, 2022
J. Martin Hughes, Steven Cox, Mary L. Tober
Energy recovery is currently the single largest use for scrap tires. Tire derived fuel (TDF), usually shredded tires, is utilized as supplemental or dedicated fuel by cement kilns, pulp and paper mills, electric utilities and dedicated tire-to-energy facilities. An estimated 185 million tires will be utilized in energy recovery processes in 1997 [6].
Parameters influencing the performance of fluidized bed: A review on thermo-hydraulic properties
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Mohitkumar G. Gabhane, Siddharth S. Chakrabarti, Uday S. Wankhede
In 2018, a comparative study between powder and sound-assisted shear was done using an experimental and theoretical approach by (Chirone et al. 2018). A rheological approach was employed to study the inter-particle interactions between cohesive particles. A similar study was done by (Zhang et al. 2018). They used liquid binders to increase the fluidization efficiency of agglomerates binders which are very useful in 2 ways, that is, they act as carouse seed particles that raise the fluidization behavior and forms liquid and solid bridges which are stronger than van-der-walls bridging force resulted in adhesive force between particles. The study reported 15 to 25% in agglomeration efficiency using Xantum Gun binder. (Chirone et al. 2000) examined the combustion of Tire Derived Fuel (TDF) and biomass in a sound-assisted fluidized bed (Robinia Pseudoacacia). The main objective was prevention of fines elutriation and to increase fixed carbon conversion. High-intensity acoustic fields at 120 Hz were employed to minimize carbon attrition by a factor of 1.5, enhancing fixed carbon conversion efficiency by 5–8% and 2–3% for TDF and Robinia, respectively. Carbon fines were observed both as freely moving fines or as attached to coarse bed solids surface. From referred literature, it is conformed that acoustic conditioning improves fluidization, character reduces Umf, increase pressure drop which leads to an increase in the agglomeration efficiency of 15 to 25% One may also use binders to increase fluidization.
Emission factors of industrial boilers burning biomass-derived fuels
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Arpit Bhatt, Vikram Ravi, Yimin Zhang, Garvin Heath, Ryan Davis, Eric C.D. Tan
NCASI technical bulletin no. 1026 summarizes emission factors for boilers that burn wood in conjunction with at least one other nontraditional fuel, such as tire-derived fuel, petroleum coke, dewatered pulp mill sludge, or old corrugated container recycling rejects (NCASI 2015). The bulletin contains information on emission factors from individual facilities’ stack testing data. From this bulletin, we chose to analyze the relevant emission factors for five facilities that either burn 100% nontraditional fuel (e.g., sludge) or burn wood in conjunction with other fuels in a boiler. These boilers include: A fluidized bed boiler (78.7 MMBtu/hr) burning 100% wastepaper sludge, equipped with baghouse and SNCR controls.A stoker boiler (160.4 MMBtu/hr) burning 39%–59% bark (mass basis), with the remaining fuel being deinking sludge and mechanical pulping sludge, equipped with a wet scrubber control.A stoker boiler (103.5 MMBtu/hr) burning 80% wood bark and 20% deinking sludge (mass basis), equipped with an electrostatic precipitator control.A stoker boiler (349.2 MMBtu/hr) burning 71% bark and 29% wastewater residuals (mass basis), equipped with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) control.A fluidized bed boiler (210 MMBtu/hr) burning 76% bark, 21% sludge (municipal solid waste), and 3% gas (mass basis), equipped with a baghouse control.