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Evaluation of Food and Food Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Meeker et al.529 organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of materials. Although widespread human exposure to OP flame retardants is likely, there is a lack of human and animal data on potential health effects.
Comparison of carcinogenic potency across life stages: implications for the assessment of transplacental cancer risk
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
R. Dzubow, C. Fields, G. Ginsberg, M. Sandy, M. Mabson, B. Foos
The flame retardant tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate) (TDCPP) serves as an illustration of the less than lifetime approach to evaluate TP risk (Figure 8). TDCPP is a mutagen and clastogen which has liver, kidney, and testes as cancer target sites (Gold, Blum, and Ames 1978 ; Freudenthal and Henrich 2000). At least two of these sites (liver and kidney) show heightened vulnerability from TP exposure. Thus, TDCPP is a useful case study to exemplify risk during pregnancy. OEHHA derived an adult-based cancer slope factor of 0.13/mg-kg-d for TDCPP. The current analysis suggests that with regards to TP cancer, a 10-fold ADAF may be applied to the last trimester of pregnancy, increasing the slope factor during this vulnerable period to 1.3/mg-kg-d. However, the TDCPP slope was based upon lifetime exposure and thus to calculate the daily increment of risk during pregnancy this pregnancy risk is pro-rated over the entire lifespan: 1.3/mg-kg-d * 3 months/(12*70) = 4.6E-03/mg-kg-d for the third trimester of pregnancy. This prorated slope factor may then be employed to calculate the daily dose during the third trimester that would be associated with a 1 per million cancer risk: 2.2E-04 mg/kg/d. This can be a guide to TDCPP exposures during pregnancy, a target dose that might be considered best not to exceed to prevent an elevated TP cancer risk.
Quantum chemical simulations revealed the toxicokinetic mechanisms of organic phosphorus flame retardants catalyzed by P450 enzymes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2018
Zhiqiang Fu, Jingwen Chen, Yong Wang, Huixiao Hong, Hongbin Xie
Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), including the typical phosphotriesters such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), are prevalent alternatives to brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The shift from BFRs to OPFRs has been driven by increasing evidence pointing to BFRs being generally detrimental to humans and wildlife. Moreover, some BFRs have the potential to produce notorious brominated dioxin pollutants.1,2 The phaseout or restricted use of some BFRs is expected to increase OPFR consumption.3 As additive components or plasticizers in commercial products, OPFRs are likely to be released into the environment.