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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Molybdenum deficiency occurs as it is only needed in trace amounts. Molybdenum is essential for at least two very important enzymes: sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase (XO). Sulfite oxides convert sulfite, a highly reactive anion, to sulfate, which is much more stable. Sulfite is often present in foods such as wine and dried fruits as a preservative. Usually, the food and chemically sensitive patient cannot tolerate either if the sulfite is included. Sulfate plays an essential role in the sulfated proteoglycans that populate the intracellular matrices of nearly all cell types.991,992,1063 So, impaired sulfite oxidase activity leads to both oxidative damage and impaired sulfate supplies to the tissues, such as the enterocytes in the small intestine. Many chemically sensitive patients have this GI upset when there is impaired sulfate. The excess presence of sulfur-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio in the intestine in association with celiac disease959,960 could be protective because these bacteria can reduce dietary sulfite to hydrogen sulfide, a highly diffusible gas that can migrate through tissues to provide a source of sulfur for sulfate regeneration at a distant site. These distal sites could reoxidize the H2S through an alternative pathway that does not require molybdenum for sulfur oxidation.999 This impaired sulfate supply and its tissue instability may be one of the reasons observed where instability of tissue is seen in the severe chemically sensitive patient who cannot hold intradermal endpoints for treatment. These endpoints are always changing in their precise patient doses of antigen, which are always changing off and the patient has a hard time stabilizing their physiology.
DFT analysis of the active site in catalytic metabolic redox reactions of mononuclear molybdenum enzymes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Sulfite oxidase (SO) is the member-given name to the sulfite oxidase family of mononuclear molybdenum enzymes. It catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate through an oxygen atom transfer reaction [18].