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Group IVA of 2D Xenes materials (Silicene, Germanene, Stanene, Plumbene)
Published in Zongyu Huang, Xiang Qi, Jianxin Zhong, 2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies, 2022
Yundan Liu, Dan Mu, Jincheng Zhuang
Sn has two stable allotropes in the bulk phase: α-Sn (gray tin) which is a less dense diamond cubic structure and β-Sn (white tin) which is a malleable tetragonal structure. As another analogous of graphene, stanene is a monoatomic layer of Sn with a buckled honeycomb-like structure. The primitive cell of stanene contains two atoms with an optimized lattice constant of ≈4.67 Å.67–70 In the 2D structure of stanine, the large size of Sn atoms induces strong inner-core repulsion forces, which are more intense than that of germanene and silicene.69 Stanene is also a buckled structure with a more obvious wave-like structure, where the adjacent atoms prefer an out-of-plane orientation and short Sn-Sn bond. Such a corrugated structure is featured with the hybridization of sp2 and sp3 orbital states. The theoretical results indicate that, in the quasi-free-standing state, the puckered structure of stanene could be possibly stable in both high-buckled and low-buckled structures. The high-buckled structure has a large difference in the out-of-planar height between neighboring sublattices which exhibit ninefold atomic coordination. This structure is structurally similar to the stable bulk β-Sn. The low-buckled stanene is also a hexagonal close-packed bilayer structure, with an increased lattice constant which is more than 1.2 time than typical parameters (3.42 Å) of high-buckled structure.71
Effect of doping and vacancy defect on the sensitivity of stanene toward HCN
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Shumin Yan, Qingxiao Zhou, Weiwei Ju, Xiangyang Li
Detecting toxic gases is extremely important for the integration of production, living, and environmental protection. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop highly air-sensitive sensors that are stable. Through the years, two-dimensional materials of gas sensors have demonstrated outstanding specific surface areas, thereby attracting the attention of researchers worldwide [20–25]. Stanene comprises a monolayer of tin atoms and some experimental studies have revealed its preparation method [26–28]. The low-dimensional honeycomb structure with π–π bonding enhances the overlap between π and σ orbitals, thereby rendering stanene more stable than the planar structure of graphene. The ordered arrangement of tin atoms in stanene is a result of the hybridisation of sp2 and sp3 orbitals; therefore, it exhibits better physical properties than those of graphene, such as a high carrier mobility and prominent spin–orbit coupling effect [29–32]. The properties and practical applications of stanene have been extensively studied since its discovery. Chen et al. proposed to modulate the structure and electronic properties of stanene by adsorption of small gas molecules [33]. Moreover, they indicated that the sensing performance of stanene is better than that of the other two-dimensional materials such as silicene and germanene. Abbasi et al. studied the effect of gas adsorption and element doping on the electronic properties of a single layer of pristine stanene [33,34]. Shaidu et al. showed that the superconductivity of stanene could be adjusted by doping it with alkali metals [35]. Yang et al. showed that the adsorbed gas elements can markedly regulate the geometric configuration and electronic structure of stanene [36]. Garg et al. also performed density-functional theory calculations to verify the efficient sensing and adsorption properties of B/N-mixed stanene; their results suggested that B/N-mixed stanene nanosheets exhibit a superior performance with regard to harmful gas detection [37]. Meanwhile, Tan et al. stated that the magnetic properties of BN monolayer can be imparted by doping with transition metals (TMs) after the introduction of vacancy defects [38]. Liu et al. showed that TM-doped arsenene, which contains vacancy defects, shows a variety of magnetic properties. Moreover, the indirect band gap of TM-doped arsenene (Cr, Ni and Zn) containing vacancy defects changes to a direct band gap [39].
Blume-Capel model of a nano-Stanene like structure with RKKY interactions: Monte Carlo simulations
Published in Phase Transitions, 2020
Z. Fadil, N. Maaouni, M. Qajjour, A. Mhirech, B. Kabouchi, L. Bahmad, W. Ousi Benomar
Recently, the Graphene-like materials have attracted enormous attention due to their novel properties, such as high strength of the lattice, high electronic mobility [1], which allows the electrons to move freely and thermal conductivity [2]. In addition, great potential applications in microelectronics, spintronics, and hydrogen storage materials have been found [3–6]. The Stanene (which means tin which gives us its chemical symbol Sn) [7] is the new cousin of graphene. This material with a two-dimensional (2D) has attracted a significant interest since its discovery, leading to a boom in the development of 2D materials [8,9]. One of its unique property is the high carrier mobility [10,11], which allows the electrons to freely move while experiencing low scattering from the defects and impurities [12]. The Stanene is a honeycomb-like monolayer of tin atoms. It may be a competitive candidate for graphene because of the high conductivity of stanene. Moreover, its electric structure can be easily tuned [13–25]. On the other hand, there are stable 2D structures made of silicon [17,18], germanium [19] and tin [7,20] are reported, and they are named silicene, germanene and stanene, respectively. Those monolayers structure exhibit honeycomb lattice have an excellent electrical conductivity [21–23], but Stanene is special. In an ambient temperature, the electrons could cross along the boundaries of the lattice’s structure without hitting other electrons and atoms, as is the case with other materials [24–28]. This unique ability would allow Stanene to conduct electricity without losing energy or releasing heat. Shou-Cheng Zhang made these predictions in 2013 and he is one of the authors of this new study [29]. The Stanene could be a topological insulator, in which the charges (the electrons) could not cross the center of the material, but the electrons could move freely around its boundaries and the direction of the electrons will be based on their point of rotation, which may be up or down. The point of rotation is a quantum property. The electric current does not dissipate because most impurities do not affect the rotation and therefore, they cannot slow the electrons according to Zhang et al. [30–33]. Furthermore, Zhang et al. have not been able to confirm that this material is a topological insulator. They created the structure by spraying tin in a vacuum container and allowing the atoms to slide on a telluride surface. Although this surface has produced Stanene crystals, it also creates an interaction with Stanene, which does not allow the creation of a topological insulator, yet researchers are working on other surfaces to avoid these interferences [34–36].