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In Vitro Production of Phytochemicals
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
R. Sreelekshmi, S. Muthukrishnan, S. Bhagya, T. Parimelazhagan, E.A. Siril
A substantial enhancement of metabolite production was demonstrated through hairy root cultures. Zhang et al. (2013) established elicitation by AgNPs on artemisinin production in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua. The incorporation of 900 mg L−1 AgNPs in medium gave maximum artemisinin production (3.9-fold) after three days of exposure. The total enhancement was associated with lipid peroxidation, H2O2 production and catalase activity. Similarly, the enhanced artemisinin content along with the down-regulation of squalene synthase and artemisinic aldehyde reductase genes were noticed in cobalt nanoparticle (CoNP)-treated cell suspension cultures of A. annua (Ghasemi et al. 2015). The authors concluded that the AgNPs exposed for 12, 24 and 48 hours showed increased atropine production via hairy root cultures. Among these various elicitors, AgNPs were the most successful for the enhanced accumulation of atropine in hairy root cultures.
Sustainability and Development of Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Hui Shi Saw, Abdul Azim bin Azmi, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
In the effort of maximizing the potential of biological systems in manufacturing, researchers have established gene-editing techniques helpful in studying gene function that drives the key to highly productive strain. Manipulation at the DNA level, either a presence or absence of a gene affecting the metabolism of an organism can be described as an absolute, 0 or 1 binary relationship. Instead of addition or removal of a gene, researchers have also looked into the RNA level by “tuning” the expression of a targeted gene. Unlike DNA sequence, the study on transcriptome stands an advantage in understanding the pattern of gene regulation, and how the final product can be synthesized, especially in eukaryotes where alternative splicing occurs (Ozsolak and Milos 2011). RNA interference (RNAi) in animals, or known as transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants, are mediated gene silencing processes induced by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which could be introduced exogenously (Mello and Conte 2004; Tian et al. 2004). With a similar concept in suppressing gene expression by blocking translation, antisense RNA binds to a 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR), and/or open reading frame (ORF) of a transcript (Thomason and Storz 2010). For instance, antisense RNA has been demonstrated to downregulate squalene synthase, encoded by an essential gene in baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This repression has been reported by Scalcinati et al., whereby the enhancement of α-santalene, a compound commonly used in perfumery and aromatherapy industries was achieved.
Genomic Approaches for Understanding Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Richa Rai, Amit Kumar Rai, Madhoolika Agrawal
Manavalan et al. (2012) demonstrated that RNAi-mediated disruption of a rice farnesyl transferase/squalene synthase (SQS) by maize SQS improves drought tolerance at both the vegetative and reproductive stages. Twenty-day-old rice seedlings of wild-type (Nipponbare) and seven independent events of transgenic RNAi lines showed no difference in morphology, and at a period of water stress under growth chamber conditions, transgenic positives showed delayed wilting, conserved more soil water, and improved recovery compared with the wild-type, through reduced stomatal conductance and the retention of high leaf relative water content (RWC). After 28 d of slow progressive soil drying, transgenic plants recovered better and flowered earlier than wild-type plants. The yield of water-stressed transgenic positive plants ranged from 14–39% higher than wild-type plants.
Aminoalcohol-based surfactants (N-(hydroxyalkyl)-N, N- dimethyl N-alkylammonium bromide): evaluation of antibacterial activity and molecular docking studies against dehydrosqualene synthase enzyme (CrtM)
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Zakaria Hafidi, Lamia Yakkou, Fatima-Ezzahra Guouguaou, Souad Amghar, Mohammed El Achouri
To combat their increasing resistance to drugs, several attempts have been made to block the virulence factor of the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus.[26] The important virulence factor of S. aureus is the golden carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthine (STX), which plays a very important role as an antioxidant. Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to be protected against oxidative stress because of STX, which is biosynthetically catalyzed by the enzyme Dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM) Blocking (STX) biosynthesis is, therefore, a potentially attractive therapeutic target.[27,28] Dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM) is having structural similarity with the human squalene synthase enzyme (SQS) which is involved in the cholesterol synthesis pathway in humans.[29] One of the most potent classes of SQS inhibitor is the quinuclidines (or quinuclidinols).[30–32] These compounds are likely to bind to SQS as cationic (ammonium) species.[33,34]