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Water Treatment Operations
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Sodium hypochlorite solution is a corrosive liquid with an approximate pH of 12.Therefore, typical precautions for handling corrosive materials such as avoiding contact with metals, including stainless steel, should be used. Sodium hypochlorite solutions may contain chlorate. Chlorate is formed during both the manufacturing and storage of sodium hypochlorite (due to degradation of the product). Chlorate formation can be minimized by reducing the degradation of sodium hypochlorite by limiting storage time, avoid high temperatures and reduce light exposure (Gordon, 1995). Spill contaminant must be provided for the sodium hypochlorite storage tanks. Typical spill containment structures include containment for the entire contents of the largest tank (plus freeboard for rainfall or fire sprinklers), no uncontrolled floor drains, and separate containment areas for each incompatible chemical.
Surge and heave hydrodynamic coefficients for a combination of a porous and a rigid cylinder in motion in finite ocean depth
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
Abhijit Sarkar, Swaroop Nandan Bora
Study of water wave interaction with porous structures has assumed significant importance due to a variety of applications of porous structures in ocean, mainly from the point of view of attenuating the waves. Investigation on water wave interaction with a concentric porous cylinder system is likely to be of immense benefit in the design of effective coastal/offshore structures like (i) offshore fishing cage, (ii) floating production storage (FPS), (iii) tension-leg platform (TLP), and (iv) jack-up (space truss like) oil rigs, since the considered system will experience less load. Furthermore, circular porous cylinder, and floating cage can be effectively used in the marine environment for tasks such as (i) oil spill containment, (ii) temporary protection during coastal construction works, and (iii) strengthening of existing breakwaters for seasonal protection.
Characterization of photosynthetically synthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) using a randomly mutated strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714
Published in International Journal of Biobased Plastics, 2019
Maximilian Lackner, Donya Kamravamanesh, Margit Krampl, Regina Itzinger, Christian Paulik, Ivan Chodak, Christoph Herwig
PHA and in particular PHB production from CO2 has the potential of reducing the production cost of this biodegradable polymer class and material, also making the material more sustainable and competitive in the market with other bioplastics. Here, the PHB produced from CO2 using cyanobacteria as cell factory was characterized, in light of the potential of the polymer PHB for the commercial production. PHB has been envisaged as a replacement for PP for a considerable time, and now a process to avoid making PHB from feed and food raw had been developed. In this very study, that photosynthetically produced PHB by Kamravamanesh et al. [14], was characterized, and the material was found to exhibit comparable properties to “traditional” PHB samples. Due to limited amounts of sample, no mechanical characterization could be performed, which could be the basis for further tests toward compound formulations and/or application testing. Since PHB is already an established biopolymer in the market place, with strong push toward broader commercialization, e.g. by a novel initiative GO!PHA [27], it can be expected that photosynthetically produced PHB is apt for several applications already today, with yet more of them to be developed. For instance, Gruenbichler [28], has suggested the use of PHB as hydrocarbon adsorber for oil spill containment and contaminated soil remediation, since a positive co-metabolism for persistent pollutant degradation was observed in the presence of PHB.