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Constitution of a Chemical Reaction and Reaction Balancing
Published in John Andraos, Reaction Green Metrics, 2018
(a) phosphorous pentoxide; (b) phosphorus trioxide; (c) phosphorus tetroxide; (d) P4O6; (e) P4O10; (f) phosphorus oxychloride; (g) sodium pyrophosphate; (h) sodium trimetaphosphate; (i) phosphinic acid; (j) phosphoric acid; (k) phosphorous acid; (l) hypophosphorous acid; (m) trimethyl phosphite; (n) dimethyl methylphosphonate
Advanced materials and technologies for oral diseases
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Hao Cui, Yan You, Guo-Wang Cheng, Zhou Lan, Ke-Long Zou, Qiu-Ying Mai, Yan-Hua Han, Hao Chen, Yu-Yue Zhao, Guang-Tao Yu
Although PO43- is mainly bound to Ca2+ to participate in the remineralization of tooth enamel，avoiding the loss of PO43- is also a strategy to reduce the demineralization of dental tissues. When sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) is adsorbed on the enamel surface, it reduces enamel, enhances enamel remineralization, decreases HAP solubility and mineral exchange, and changes the affinity between enamel surface and salivary proteins, thus reducing demineralization of dental tissue and avoiding caries progression [46]. For example, TMP is used as an additive in toothpaste formulations or chewing gum because this polyphosphate plays a vital role in reducing the dissolution of HAP [77,78]. One study showed that the addition of TMP to toothpaste with low fluoride concentration had in vitro anti-caries activity similar to or better than standard toothpaste containing F- at the concentration of 1100 ppm, and the addition of TMP effectively reduced the concentration of fluoride [79]. This indicates that phosphate can play an anti-caries role independently of Ca2+ supplement.
Hydrogels based on gelatin, xanthan gum, and cellulose obtained by reactive extrusion and thermopressing processes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Jéssica F. Pereira, Beatriz M. Marim, Bruno M. Simões, Fabio Yamashita, Suzana Mali
The GAB model was efficient to describe the moisture sorption isotherms of the hydrogel samples, and the monolayer value (m0) is an indicator of the maximum amount of absorbed water of a single layer per gram of dry matter, being an indicative of how hydrophilic the samples are.[16,34,40] According to the results of m0 presented in Table 3, the m0 increases by increasing the cellulose concentration in the hydrogel films, it is possibly because of the increase of hydroxyl groups presented on hydrogels matrix, which were able to interact with water by hydrogen bonds. According to Cagnin et al.,[19] in carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate the free hydroxyls and carboxyl groups can interact with water by hydrogen bonds.
Biomimetic approaches for tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Hydrogels are an important class of biomaterials that have been used for adhesive, wound dressing, drug delivery and other medical applications. Several approaches and materials have been adopted to develop biomimetic hydrogels. A biomimetic hydrogel that could enhance angiogenic capability of mesenchymal stem cells was developed using a combination of pullulan and collagen [18,19]. To obtain the hydrogels, about 2 g of pullulan, 2 g of sodium trimetaphosphate and 2 g of KCl in NaOH solution was mixed with 5% collagen. The mixture was treated at 4 °C for 30 minutes and later poured onto Teflon sheets to form films which were further compressed to form 2 mm thick films [19,20]. These films were lyophilized to form the hydrogels. Stems cells were seeded on the scaffold and observed for their ability to attach and proliferate. Also, the hydrogels with and without seeded MSCs were placed inside wounds created in female mice. It was found that the hydrogels could effectively preserve the MSCs and deliver them to the wound site. Considerably accelerated wound healing could be achieved leading to vascularization when the biomimetic hydrogels were used [18].