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Problematic Risk Assessments for Drinking Water Contaminants: Selenium, Aldicarb, and Nickel
Published in Rhoda G.M. Wang, Water Contamination and Health, 2020
Susan F. Velazquez, Kenneth A. Poirier
The essentiality and toxicity of selenium varies according to the valence state of selenium when incorporated into biomolecules and the form in which selenium is fed or administered. Although it is difficult to make as assessment for several selenium compounds by a similar mode of administration in a common animal species, there is general agreement that sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenomethionine, and selenodigluta-thione are among the more toxic species (6). The relative potency of systemic toxicity for selenium compounds is also similar in both in vivo and in vitro experiments examining potency of antitumorigenic activity (21).
Characteristics and Processing of Copper Refinery Anode Slime
Published in Hossain Md Anawar, Vladimir Strezov, Abhilash, Sustainable and Economic Waste Management, 2019
Navneet Singh Randhawa, Jhumki Hait
In some cases roasting is done after the initial hydrometallurgical treatment of anode slime. Soda roasting is one such example, which is done after sulphuric acid leaching of the slime. In the roasting of anode slimes with sodium carbonate, the conversion of selenium to water soluble sodium selenite and selenate occurs (Buketov et al., 1965; Shkodin et al., 1970; Victorovich et al., 1980). The treatment is done after an initial sulphuric acid leaching of the slimes to remove copper and tellurium. M2Se + Na2CO3 + O2→ 2M + Na2SeO3 + CO2
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Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — Sodium selenite is highly toxic via oral intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes. Carcinogenic determination: indefinite (IARC). OSHA standard air TWA: 800 µg (Se)/m3.
Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their protective, antioxidative effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2020
Dabei Fan, Li Li, Zhizhen Li, Ying Zhang, Xiaojun Ma, Lina Wu, Haohao Zhang, Feng Guo
The median lethal dose of sodium selenite (Se of 7 mg/kg body weight) estimated in animal models is almost 20 times lower than that of sulfides of selenium, and it is more than 900 times lower than that of elemental Se [11]. As per the US National Academy of Sciences, the daily intake of Se recommended is 55 µg for adults; however, it should not exceed the threshold limit of 400 µg [7]. On the other hand, a dose greater than 700 µg/day is considered to be toxic for adults as per earlier reports [12]. Selenium toxicity shows symptoms such as fatigue, disturbances in nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems as well as in connective tissues [11,13]. The attention of researchers in selenium and its effects on human health is increasing day-by-day and a wide range of selenium compounds which include organic, inorganic and natural products enriched with Se such as green tea probiotics, yeast and Se NPs were studied [3,8,10,14–18]. In recent times, organic compounds are widely studied as some of them show similar activity (e.g., diphenyl diselenide or ebselen) to that of glutathione peroxidase [19]. Furthermore, it was proved that diphenyl diselenide also possess many pharmacologically beneficial properties like hepatoprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidepressant, anti-hyperglycemic and antiulcer effects [19,20].
Selenium in soil-microbe-plant systems: Sources, distribution, toxicity, tolerance, and detoxification
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Anamika Kushwaha, Lalit Goswami, Jechan Lee, Christian Sonne, Richard J. C. Brown, Ki-Hyun Kim
Globally, the annual commercial production of Se is projected to reach approximately 2.5 × 103 to 2.8 × 103 tons, with Canada, Germany, Japan, and Belgium the main producers (Mehdi et al., 2013). According to the US Geological Survey (2017), various forms of Se are produced globally and used widely in different industries. Metallurgy consumes 40% of the global supply, glass industries 25%, pigment and chemical industries 10%, electronics 10%, agriculture sector 10%, and other applications 5%. Se is used to manufacture semiconductors and photoelectric cells due to its optical-electrical properties (Macaskie et al., 2010). The precise combination of Se and other metals (e.g., cadmium and tellurium) in such products determines their photoelectric properties, yielding sensors used for military and industrial applications, including photovoltaic solar cells and safety shields for high-energy light sources (Kapoor et al., 1995). Se is photovoltaic and photoconductive, i.e., increase in electrical conductivity with light intensity (Stillings, 2017). Researchers have made a relatively inexpensive material by embedding Se in zinc oxide in a form that offers promising properties for solar power conversion (American Institute of Physics, 2010). It is also used as an accelerator and vulcanizing agent in the rubber industry, improving rubber products' resilience by increasing their resistance to heat, oxidation, and abrasion. It can be used as a catalyst to hydrogenate or dehydrogenate organic compounds, crude oil, and coal and is employed to produce edible fats, plastics, soaps, and waxes. It also provides antioxidant properties to inks and oils and nondrying properties to linseed, tung, and oiticica oils (Stillings, 2017). Se sulfide is used in anti-dandruff shampoos (Sanfilippo & English, 2006). In the agriculture sector, sodium selenite is used as an additive for fertilizers, insecticides, and foliar sprays (El-Ramady et al., 2015). In addition to its agricultural and industrial applications, Se has been used as an animal and human dietary supplement.