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Poultry Feeding Operations
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting, Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 2007
Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting
Important point: The majority of eggs marketed commercially in the United States are washed using automatic washers. Cleaning compounds, such as sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate, or trisodium phosphate, together with small amounts of other additives, are commonly used in these systems. Wash water is contaminated with shell, egg solids, dirt, manure, and bacteria washed from the egg surface into the recycled water. Eggs may be washed either on-farm or off-farm. Over three-fourths of layer farms process eggs off-farm, and one-third of the largest farms are likely to wash eggs off-farm. Operations that wash their eggs on-farm may do so in-line or off-line. Larger operations commonly collect and store egg wash water on site in large tanks or lagoons for treatment and storage.
Performance of a new ceramic microfiltration membrane based on kaolin in textile industry wastewater treatment
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Priyanka Saini, Vijaya Kumar Bulasara, Akepati S. Reddy
Kaolin, quartz, feldspar, pyrophyllite, sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate, and boric acid (CDH Ltd., India) were used in the preparation of ceramic microfiltration membranes (purity >99.5%). The technical specifications of the major raw material (kaolin) are shown in Table S1 of Supplementary data. Quartz provides thermal stability and contributes to mechanical strength. Feldspar provides high hardness and pyrophylllite withstands high pressure in molding. Kaolin contributes to high refractory properties and low plasticity to the membrane. Molten sodium carbonate under sintering conditions reacts with silica and forms sodium silicate releasing CO2 gas. The vacant spaces created by the accumulation of powders and release of CO2 gas imparts porous structure to the membrane contributing to membrane porosity (Kaur et al., 2016b). Sodium metasilicate acts as binder and increases mechanical strength (Bulasara et al., 2011). Boric acid acts as colloidal agent for the raw material paste.
Deriving optimal and adaptive nanoparticles-assisted foam solution for enhanced oil recovery applications: an experimental study
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Hamid Reza Afifi, Saber Mohammadi, Siyamak Moradi, Elaheh Hamed Mahvelati, Fatemeh Mahmoudi Alemi, Omid Ghanbarpour
According to the experiments, the presence of the nanoparticles in the foam solution has caused the formation of foam with stronger texture and smaller bubbles with high resistance, which resulted in more stable foam structure. Thus, the gas phase in the foam could not easily escape from the bubbles and the foam structure is highly stable. Foam solution containing nanoparticles has a stronger texture than a solution without the nanoparticles (Figure S5 in Supplementary material). However, in the foam solution free of nanoparticles, the bubbles have lower resistance and the size of the bubbles is often large, which has lower stability compared to the solution with the nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that the enhancement of the foam stability in the presence of the silica nanoparticles is more pronounced than the case of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. This can be assigned to the higher specific surface area of the silica, as obtained through the BET measurements (Table 2). Higher surface area of silica nanoparticles results in more adhesion of these particles to the surface of the gas bubbles, which has also been able to increase its viscosity. As well, at high temperatures, a reaction can take place between the silica nanoparticles and sodium chloride to produce sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3). Due to its foaming properties, this salt may improve the stability of the foam.[40] However, this theory needs further study and experimental investigation. Due to the fact that the charge on the surfactant and silica nanoparticles is negative, electrostatic interactions between these two substances can affect the adsorption phenomenon of the surfactant and greatly increase the amount absolute zeta potential.[41] Meanwhile, repulsion between the surfactant and SiO2 causes more adsorption of surfactant molecules to further reduce the amount of interfacial tension.[42]