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Chitin and Chitosan and Their Polymers
Published in Abdullah Al-Mamun, Jonathan Y. Chen, Industrial Applications of Biopolymers and their Environmental Impact, 2020
Md. Saifur Rahaman, Jahid M.M. Islam, Md. Serajum Manir, Md. Rabiul Islam, Mubarak A. Khan
Fishing is one the most important sectors, particularly in the Asian countries including, China, Japan, India, and Thailand. Asia plays a leading role in shrimp farming, accounting for almost 80% of world shrimp production [6–7]. Globally, over 6 to 8 million tons of waste shrimp, lobster, and crab shells are produced each year, out of which over 1.5 million tons is produced in Southeast Asia alone [8]. Shrimp landed by large trawlers are however, deheaded at sea or supplied to processing industries. Heads are usually removed in peeling sheds near the landing or at packing plants. Generally, shrimp is exported in frozen form without exoskeleton. About 45–48% by weight of shrimp raw material is discarded as waste depending on the species. The shrimp waste is composed mainly of protein (40%), minerals (35%), and chitin (14–30%), and is very rich in carotenoid pigments, mainly Astaxanthin [9]. In majority of the developing countries, the shell waste is often dumped directly into landfills or in the sea. This disposal for raw material is costly, for example, it costs up to USD 150/ton in Australia, and hence the raw material suppliers are likely to offer these products even at low costs, which are expected to offer an advantage for chitosan manufacturers. In Europe, according to the statistic estimation of Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT, over 750,000 tons of crustacean shell waste is generated every year. The waste shells serve as growth media for pathogenic bacteria and can cause significant health and environmental hazards and surface pollution in coastal regions. To avoid these problems, manufacturers used to burn the shell waste, which again is a costly activity and has many environmental disadvantages. Thus, these manufacturers tend to sell this waste to chitin and chitosan manufacturers.
Aquaculture
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Coastal and Marine Environments, 2020
Crustacean species that are most commonly grown using aquaculture are primarily Penaeid marine shrimp and freshwater prawns.[4] In 2010, the fastest growing crustacean production was the whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Thailand, China, and Indonesia are the major exporting countries of shrimp, whereas the United States and Japan are the primary importers of shrimp.[4] Like salmon, there are several environmental and social issues surrounding shrimp farming including the destruction of mangrove habitats for the construction of rearing ponds, salinization of groundwater, depletion of wild fish stocks for formulated feeds, depletion of wild broodstocks, and disease outbreaks[24] (http://www.asc-aqua.org; http://www.wildlife.org). Shrimp farming is highly unregulated in the global market and poses several environmental threats. Recent technologies hold promise for a more sustainable method of culturing shrimp in the future. Pilot studies of native shrimp species grown in Aquapod™ net pens in the open ocean on natural productivity, which serves as a food source without herbicides, pesticides, commercial fish oil, or processed fish meal, have shown that there is minimal impact on the environment and that it alleviates pressure on fish stocks and wild broodstocks[5,7] (http://www.olazul.org). Other finfish species can also be grown in various designs of large pens in the open ocean, which present additional engineering and economic challenges but would alleviate environmental impacts in crowded and heavily used coastal areas[25–29] (http://www.amac.unh.edu).
Principal polar spectral indices for mapping mangroves forest in South East Asia: study case Indonesia
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
Fatwa Ramdani, Sabaruddin Rahman, Chandra Giri
A work by Murdiyarso et al. (2015) emphasizes the importance of Indonesian mangroves forest to mitigate climate change events through the provision of extensive biological services such as carbon storage and feed production for fish as well as wood production. From an economic point of view, mangrove forests also have an important role in Indonesia’s shrimp industry, since it provides abundant habitat for shrimp. From 2010 to 2013, Indonesia’s shrimp industry generates revenue of more than US$ 1 billion annually (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia 2013). However, this figure was dramatically changed from 2014 to 2016 where the total revenue was decreased to nearly US$ 1 billion annually (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia 2017). The decline is partially due to the loss of mangrove forest in Indonesia.
Approach for monitoring the dynamic states of water in shrimp during drying process with LF-NMR and MRI
Published in Drying Technology, 2018
Shasha Cheng, Yingqiang Tang, Tan Zhang, Yukun Song, Xiaohui Wang, Huihui Wang, Haitao Wang, Mingqian Tan
Shrimp is one of the most popular seafood products available for aquaculture development, which contains nutritional components such as proteins, calcium, vitamins, and various extractable compounds.[1] Fresh shrimp is perishable due to its high moisture content and strong enzyme activity. During the past time, drying has been proved to be an efficient method to prolong the shelf life of shrimp in most parts of the world. However, drying is a complex process, which will adversely affect the mechanical, sensorial, functional, and nutritional attributes of finished products if it is performed incorrectly.[2] Therefore, it is of interest to monitor and control the food critical quality parameters during drying process for ensuring the batch-to-batch consistency and end-product uniformity. The conventionally used methodologies for quality assessment are reliable, but destructive, relatively slow, and restricted to offline usages. So it was necessary to develop rapid and nondestructive quality control technique for shrimp drying.
A combination method based on chitosan adsorption and duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) phytoremediation for boron (B) removal from drinking water
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Consequently, water contaminated with relatively low B concentration is not commonly achievable by conventional treatment methods, and most of the methods such as Reserve Osmosis (RO) for drinking water can only remove a little over 50% percent of B in the first stage of RO treatment process. On the other hand, RO has various disadvantages during the treatment stage, including the requirement for costly equipment or chemicals, difficult implementation, and production of secondary waste during the water treatment. However, biopolymers such as chitosan can be used for wastewater treatment as an environment-friendly and cost-effective option because chitosan is biodegradable, nontoxic, and inexpensive and it is found naturally in the environment, mostly in shrimp and crabs. In this respect, we fabricated chitosan beads using only small amounts of glutaraldehyde and methanol solution in the present experiment. Moreover, when the chitosan bead is used for B removal, glutaraldehyde and methanol are not released into the water bodies during purification process; therefore, the application of chitosan bead did not produce any secondary waste in the experiment period.