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Flameless Combustion with Liquid Fuels for Ultra-Low Emissions from Combustion Systems
Published in Debi Prasad Mishra, Advances in Combustion Technology, 2023
Saurabh Sharma, Sudarshan Kumar
Droplet combustion is modelled using the discrete phase modelling, in which continuous interaction between gas and liquid phase is allowed. In this model, a fixed number of droplets are injected in the continuous gas flow after a fixed interval of gas-phase iterations. The gas and liquid phases are then allowed to interact and update the solution accordingly. Interaction of the gas-liquid phase and the solution updating goes on simultaneously until a steady-state is reached. The kerosene spray is defined as a separate injection in the form of a solid-cone spray with an appropriate Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and cone angle. Detailed information about the droplet size, cone angle, and fuel injection velocity is provided in this section. Appropriate values of spray parameters, (i) Sauter mean diameter (SMD), (ii) cone angle, and (iii) fuel flow rate is used for the solid-cone spray. These parameters are experimentally measured through detailed studies on injectors using shadowgraphy [24]. The shape of droplets is assumed to follow the spherical drag law.
Gas-Liquid Reactors
Published in James J. Carberry, Arvind Varma, Chemical Reaction and Reactor Engineering, 2020
Sergio Carrà, Massimo Morbidelli
From the gas holdup, the specific interfacial area can be calculated as a=6εgdsV where dSV is the volume surface mean diameter or Sauter mean diameter, defined as dsV=∑inidb3∑inidb2 db, is the diameter of the single bubble (or drop) and ni the number of bubbles (or drops) of diameter db,. The value of dsv can be directly evaluated through a statistical analysis of high-speed photomicrographs performed in the dispersion (Calderbank and Rennie, 1962; Vermeulen et al., 1955; Porter et al., 1966; Akita and Yoshida, 1973; Ashley and Haselden, 1972).
Bubble Size Distribution
Published in Subrata Kumar Majumder, Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Downflow Slurry Bubble Columns, 2019
where ni is the number of bubbles of diameter dbi. The mean diameter with the same ratio of volume to surface area is known as the Sauter mean diameter. The Sauter mean diameter is probably the most commonly used mean as it characterizes a number of important processes. In the above equations, it corresponds to values of p = 3 and q = 2. For most bubble size distributions, the Sauter mean diameter, D32, is larger than the arithmetic, D10, surface, D20, and volume, D30, mean diameters. After capturing the bubble image, if the size of the bubble is not spherical, whose maximum and minimum axes are known, an equivalent spherical bubble diameter can be calculated by the following equation (Couvert et al., 1999; Hebrard et al., 2001) () dbe=lmax2l,min3
Effect of Particle Size Distribution and Complex Refraction Index of Alumina on Infrared Rocket Plume Signatures
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
M. S. Yasar, G. Ozen, N. Selçuk, G. Kulah
Sauter-mean diameter, d32, is the diameter that has the same volume/surface area ratio of the particles cluster of interest. It is important for cases where the surface area of the particles affects significantly the phenomena such as chemical reaction, radiative heat transfer, etc., Sauter-mean diameter can be calculated as follows;