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Halophilic Rhizobacteria as the Acquaintance of Crop Plants Enduring Soil Salinity
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Deepanwita Deka, Dhruva Kumar Jha
Soil salinization involves increase in the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil profile, which degrades soil health and consequently affects crop productivity impacting the lives of many organisms that depend on plants for food, nutrition and shelter (Shrivastava and Kumar 2015). In a saline soil the Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the saturation extract (ECe) in the root zone of a plant exceeds 4 dSm−1 (approximately 40 mM NaCl) at 25°C and has exchangeable sodium of 15% (Shrivastava and Kumar 2015). Under this ECe, growth and yield of most of the crop plants are reduced (Munns 2005; Jamil et al. 2011). It has been established that high salinity has afflicted 20% of total cultivated and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands worldwide (Shrivastava and Kumar 2015). More than 50% of the world energy consumption is supplied by crop plants such as wheat, rice and maize (Orhan 2016). Therefore, decrease in plant yield due to soil salinity stresses severely affects all trophic levels in the food chain directly or indirectly.
Aromatic Plants as a Tool for Phytoremediation of Salt Affected Soils
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
B.B. Basak, G.R. Smitha, Anil R. Chinchmalatpure, P.K. Patel, Kumar B. Prem
Saline soils are defined as soils having electrical conductivity of the saturation extract greater than 4 dSm−1 (0.4 Sm−1 or 4 mmhos cm−1) and an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) less than 15. The pH is usually less than 8 5 Formerly, these soils were called ‘white alkali soils’ because of surface crust of white salts. Saline soil is also called as ‘Solonchak’ (Russian term). The process by which saline soils are formed is called “salinization”. Saline soils occur mostly in arid or semi arid regions. Under humid conditions, soluble salts originally present in soil materials and those formed by weathering of rocks and minerals generally are percolated downward into the ground water and are transported ultimately by stream or oceans. Saline soils are, therefore, practically non-existent in humid regions, except when the soil has been subjected to sea water in river deltas and low lying lands near the sea. In arid regions, saline soils occur not only because there is less rainfall available to leach and transport the salt but also because of high evaporation rates, which further tend to concentrate the salts in soils and in surface waters. Restricted drainage is another factor that usually contributes to the salinization of soils and may involve the presence of high ground water table or low permeability of the soil which causes poor drainage by impeding the downward movement of water.
Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater
Published in Mohammad Karamouz, Azadeh Ahmadi, Masih Akhbari, Groundwater Hydrology, 2020
Mohammad Karamouz, Azadeh Ahmadi, Masih Akhbari
As the temperature rises globally, the melting of ice sheets and glaciers will increase and will lead to sea-level rise. When sea-level rising happens, the saltwater will penetrate farther inland and upstream in the low-lying river deltas (IPCC, 1998). Salinization endangers the surface water, urban water, and groundwater supplies, damaging the ecosystems, and the coastal farmland (IPCC, 1998). Furthermore, the lower rainfall reduces groundwater head and exacerbates the impacts of sea-level rise. The saltwater intrusion into the limestone aquifers is higher than the alluvial aquifers. The saltwater intrusion in the coastal aquifers is another key groundwater quality concern. As the groundwater pumping increases for municipal demand along the coast, the freshwater recharge in the coastal areas declines, and the sea level rises. Thus, the groundwater aquifers are affected by the seawater infiltration. In areas with the low land surface elevations, the relative sea level has been greater. Further increases in the sea level may accelerate the salinity intrusion into the aquifers and affect the coastal ecosystems.
Hydrogeochemical characterization and analysis for irrigation applicability of groundwater in the shallow coastal aquifers: a multivariate statistical approach
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2022
Sabu Joseph, M. R. Sijimol, Jobin Thomas, A. M. Sheela
The total concentration of soluble salts in irrigation water can be expressed as low (EC= <250 µS/cm), medium (250-750 µS/cm), high (750-2250 µS/cm), and very high (>2250 µS/cm) and classified as C-1, C-2, C-3 and C-4 salinity zone respectively (Richards, 1954). While a high salt concentration (i.e. high EC) in water leads to the formation of saline soil, a high sodium concentration leads to the development of alkaline soil. Salinization is one of the most prolific adverse environmental impacts associated with irrigation. The saline condition severely limits the choice of crops, adversely affect crop germination and yields and can make soils difficult to work. Excessive solutes in irrigation water are a common problem in the areas, where water loss through evaporation is the maximum. Salinity problem encountered in irrigated agriculture is most likely to arise where the drainage is poor.
Influence of different phytoremediation on soil microbial diversity and community composition in saline-alkaline land
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Fengxia Li, Yongzhong Guo, Zhangjun Wang, Yangxiu Mu
Soil degradation caused by salinization is one of the main factors restricting agricultural production, and this phenomenon is becoming more and more serious, causing economic losses and agricultural sustainable development, and endangering global food security, especially in saline-alkali soil (Qadir et al. 2014). In addition to the primary saline-alkali soil, topography, climate and human factors play important roles in the formation and evolution of sub saline-alkali soil (Zhao et al. 2020). It is predicted that half of the cultivated land on the earth will be affected by salinization by 2050 (Wang et al. 2003). However, salinization is one of the main abiotic stress conditions affecting the survival mechanism of plants at the cell, tissue and plant level, which is characterized by osmotic stress at the early stage of plant growth and ion stress at the later stage (Lokhande et al. 2013; Jesus et al. 2015). Therefore, rational development and utilization of saline-alkali land is very important in the sustainable development of agriculture in China.
Exploiting constructed wetlands for industrial effluent phytodesalination in Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration, China
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Nolwenn Vaudry, Yi Sun, Oluwasola O. D. Afolabi
Salinization, accruing from saltwater intrusion, agricultural activities, and industrial discharges is a global challenge that impacts water resources, water quality/supply, biodiversity, soil fertility, crop yield, and non-halophytic plant species. China’s rapid industrialization and urban agglomerations have induced localized water stress and salinization crises (Lei and Jiu 2014). One of the areas where these challenges are rife is the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) urban agglomeration (Xiong et al.2017; Li et al.2020).