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Water resources science
Published in Mohammad Albaji, Introduction to Water Engineering, Hydrology, and Irrigation, 2022
Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally seawater) is converted to freshwater. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas.
Membrane Technologies for Water Purification
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
A nonporous membrane consists of a dense film. Component is transported through the dense film by diffusion under the driving force of pressure, concentration or electrical potential gradient. The separation of the components of a mixture depends on their relative transport rate through the membrane. The relative transport rate is determined by their diffusivity and solubility in the membrane material. A nonporous membrane can separate constituents of similar size if their solubility in the membrane material differs. Reverse osmosis uses nonporous membranes for saline water desalination.
Water Chemistry
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
When acids and bases chemically interact, they neutralize each other. The compound (other than water) that forms from the neutralization of acids and bases is called a salt. Salts constitute, by far, the largest group of inorganic compounds. If water contains significant amounts (referred to as concentrations) of dissolved salts, water is known as saline water. The most common salt we all know well is sodium chloride (NaCl). In this case, the concentration is the amount (by weight) of salt in water, as expressed in ppm. If water has a concentration of 10,000 ppm of dissolved salts, then 1% (10,000 divided by 1,000,000) of the weight of the water comes from dissolved salts.
Water insecurity, water borrowing and psychosocial stress among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya
Published in Water International, 2023
Leslie B. Ford, Hilary J. Bethancourt, Zane S. Swanson, Rosemary Nzunza, Amber Wutich, Alexandra Brewis, Sera Young, David M. Almeida, Matthew Douglass, Emmanuel K. Ndiema, David R. Braun, Herman Pontzer, Asher Y. Rosinger
Among Daasanach households, indicators of water quality, access and quantity were all significantly associated with experiences of water insecurity. Specifically, indicators of water salinity and perceived water quality were associated with higher HWISE scores. This finding is consistent with a study conducted in Bangladesh that found that slightly saline groundwater was a key water security concern of the respondents, though the relation was not quantified (Bennyworth et al., 2016). Among Daasanach, the average drinking water salinity level was 360 mg/L, which is above the recommended taste threshold for sodium of 200 mg/L. Further, our salinity findings map onto local concerns expressed during fieldwork about the salinity of the groundwater (Rosinger et al., 2021). While there are currently no health guideline values for sodium in drinking water (WHO, 2017), prolonged consumption of saline water has been linked with negative health outcomes such as elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased risk of hypertension, reproductive concerns for women, and altered cognitive performance (Rosinger et al., 2021).
Use of computational fluid dynamics for solar desalination system: a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Hitesh Panchal, Rajan Petkar, Chandrakant Sonawane, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, Hagar Alm El Din Mohamad, Pradeep Boka
Desalination is a process that is used to convert seawater into potable water for human consumption. As a result of rapid population growth and industrialisation, there is an increasing demand for potable water on a daily basis. In addition, there is a scarcity of potable water. Consequently, it is expected to take an innovative approach to the production of fresh water. The ocean, on the other hand, contains a large amount of water, but it is saline water. Therefore, seawater is unfit for human consumption due to its salinity. As a result, solar desalination is employed. The use of solar stills for desalination is straightforward; however, due to their lower distillate yield, they are not widely used to meet domestic potable water demands. (Aybar, Egelioğlu, and Atikol 2005, Aybar 2006, Deniz 2012)
Exergetic improvement potential analysis of a new design of concentration based solar distiller
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Mokhtar Mohammed, M. Taha Janan
In the world, water forms about 97% in the oceans, it is also stored as ice in polar places for about 2%, and just 1% is fresh water that is required for animals and plants and the needs of human life (Kumar and Bai 2008; Sarray et al. 2017). The world's need for potable water continues to rise day by day because of the increasing growth in the population, industry, and agriculture. Nowadays, the scarcity problem threatens even regions that are considered water-rich. The several issues associated in the world with the lack of fresh and clean water are well documented: 1.2 billion people complain about lack of access to clean drinking water and more than millions die each year from diseases caused by human excreta or contaminated water (Shannon et al. 2008). Desalination is a way of eliminating salt, pollution, and other mineral components from saline water into a useful form. Desalination is an energy-consuming process. The key to economic and social development is energy. However, the traditional fossil fuel energy sources use has harmful environmental impacts. Solar energy is available, easily accessible, healthy, and renewable energy. This energy is considered one of the most promising alternatives for fossil fuels (Amiri et al. 2021).