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Additional Recent Applications and Prospects
Published in Allen J. Bard, Michael V. Mirkin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2022
Andreas Lesch, Allen J. Bard, Hubert H. Girault
For the ORR at the liquid-liquid interface, a metallocene, such as decamethylferrocene (DMFc), ferrocene, osmocene, ruthenocene and many of their derivatives, is used as molecular electron donor. After its oxidation, the electron donor can principally be regenerated by electrochemical reduction or photo-recycling [68]. In order to maintain the ORR according to Equation 18.8, protons must be continuously transferred from the aqueous phase into the organic phase, which is driven by the externally applied Galvani potential difference. O2(o)+2DMFc(o)+2H(w)++2A(w)−→H2O2(w)+2DMFc(o)++2A(o)−
Organic Materials for Third-Order Nonlinear Optics
Published in Hari Singh Nalwa, Seizo Miyata, Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, 2020
Kamata et al.394 studied the effect of the metal-ligand charge-transfer transition on the ?3)values of metallocenes. The ?(3)values of ferrocene IM = Fe), ruthenocene (? = Ru), and osmocene (? = Os) (Compound 1), l-(4-nitrophenylhydrazono)methylferrocene (Compound 2), l-(4-nitrophenylhydra- zono)benzene (Compound 3), bis| l-(4-nitrophenylhydrazono)]ferrocene (Compound 4), and tricarbonyl- mangenese (Compound 5) measured by THG at 1.319 ?m were 2.2 X 10~12, 0.9 X IO12, 2.4 X 10 % 3.5 X IO12, 0.9 X 10"12, 3.6 X 10 'O and 1.4 X 10 '2 esu, respectively. These results show that the ?(3)values of these compounds mainly originate from the conjugated ?-electron system of ligands and are also influenced by metal-ligand interactions.
Soot Formation and Growth in Toluene/Ethylene Combustion Catalyzed by Ruthenium Acetylacetonate
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Fanggang Zhang, Cong Wang, Juan Wang, Sönke Seifert, Randall E. Winans
Enhancing soot oxidation is an efficient way to suppress emission of soot particles. Metal-based catalysts exhibit a vital potentiality in soot elimination and have been widely used in catalytic soot combustion over the past years. Many investigations have demonstrated that noble metals and their modified catalysts (Lee et al. 2018; Oi-Uchisawa et al. 2000; Ren et al. 2019), alkaline metal (Li et al. 2012, 2016), transition metals (Howard and Kausch 1980; Hu et al. 2017) and metal oxides (Gao et al. 2018; Neeft, Makkee, Moulijn 1996) are capable to enhance soot oxidation. Marsh et al. (2007)indicated that ferrocene, ruthenocene, iron naphthenate, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) are quite effective in soot reduction in JP-8 lean flames. Likewise, Kim and Hahn (2016) reported that the catalytic effect of iron compounds can greatly reduce activation energy for soot oxidation reaction. In addition, Wei and Lee (1999) conducted a pyrolysis experiment of polystyrene doped with MnSO4 in inert conditions, and they pointed out that MnSO4 addition decreased the amount of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to the transition metal chelation oxidation mechanism. In our recent study (Tang et al. 2019), an in-situ study was performed regarding effects of nickel acetylacetonate on soot inception and growth in an ethylene flame with toluene injection. It was found that Ni additive reduced the primary soot particle size and soot volume fraction significantly, and the additive also delayed the soot surface growth, eventually leading to the primary soot particles with rough surfaces. To explore catalysts for reducing soot emission more efficiently, investigations on a series of catalysts and further studies of detailed catalytic mechanism are needed.