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Green Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
Published in Soney C. George, Jacob Philip, Ann Rose Abraham, A. K. Haghi, Carbon Nanotubes for Energy and Environmental Applications, 2023
K. C. Nimitha, Jiji Abraham, Arunima Reghunadhan, Soney C. George, Sabu Thomas
Another important plant-based carbon feed stocks are palm oil, neem oil, sunflower oil, and castor oil. CNTs can be synthesized from palm oil by aerosol–assisted catalytic CVD method. Suriani and coworkers have successfully synthesized CNTs from palm oil for the first time. Pure, multiwalled CNTs were synthesized at that time. Here, ferrocene is generally used as a catalyst. This method is cost-effective and also it provides a green alternative for the industrial-scale production of CNTs. SEM analysis of the materials shows the uniform distribution of CNTs and they are arranged in strands. Diameter exactly lies in the nano range of ~ 20–30 nm. EDX analysis of the sample prepared shows ~ 13.57 At% C. Traces of elements like Si, Fe, and O were also found. Presence of these elements is due to the catalyst and impurities also.19 Thermogravimetric studies show the weight loss at lower temperatures which arises due to the decomposition of impurities. Significant weight loss is observed in the temperature range of 400°C–700°C is due to the decomposition of CNTs. Remaining loss is due to the presence of catalyst and other elements.6
Metal-Containing Conjugated Polymers
Published in John R. Reynolds, Barry C. Thompson, Terje A. Skotheim, Conjugated Polymers, 2019
Christopher M. Brown, Michael O. Wolf
Group 8 metal complexes have been widely investigated for their stable and useful electronic and redox properties. Ferrocene is the prototypical organometallic redox compound with a reversible Fe(II)/(III) couple which falls at a moderate potential and is widely used in applications where redox driven electronic changes are required (Stepnicka, 2008). Diimine complexes of the group 8 metals Ru and Os, such as those containing the cation Ru(bpy)32+, are broadly of interest due to their metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states which can be populated with visible light and exhibit long-lived emission as well as excited state redox behavior that can be applied in photoelectrochemical applications such as dye-sensitized solar cells in photocatalysis and in light-emitting devices (Kalyanasundaram, 1982). The large range of derivatives that have been synthesized of these Group 8 complexes allows selection of the optimal candidates for incorporating into metal-containing conjugated polymers with specific electronic or redox requirements.
Introduction to Organometallics
Published in Samir H. Chikkali, Metal-Catalyzed Polymerization, 2017
Samir H. Chikkali, Sandeep Netalkar
In ferrocene molecule the central Fe2+ is bounded by two cyclopentadienyl rings. Since five adjacent carbon atoms of each cyclopentadienyl ring on either side are bounded to Fe2+ ion, the hapticity of each cyclopentadienyl ring is 5 represented as η5 (Figure 1.9). The molecular formula is written as Fe(η5-(C5H5)2).
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals with UV-shielding properties
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2023
Jianjing Gao, Ping Yu, Shengtao Zhu, Lifen Wen, Xingru Wang, Wenqi Song, Yuan Ge, Zemin He, Zongcheng Miao
Ferrocene is a kind of three-sandwich compound with the cyclopentadienyl complexes of iron(II) [40]. This metal/organic complex structure of ferrocene has superior photochemical stability [41]. Ferrocene and its derivatives are usually used as UV absorbers [42,43]. Thus, the UV resistance ability of polymer can be improved if the ferrocene or its derivatives are added.
Characterisation of spark plug deposits of an SI engine fuelled with gasoline-ethanol blends
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Garima Kushwaha, Samir Saraswati, Bireswar Paul
Further, the percentage of iron (Fe) is also found to be higher for high ethanol fraction fuels vis-à-vis low ethanol fraction fuels. The presence of ‘Fe’ in spark plug deposits is due to the organometallic iron compound ‘Ferrocene’ added to commercial gasoline as an Octane enhancer and combustion catalyst (Kameoka and Tsuchiya 2006). Ferrocene, also known as dicyclopentadienyliron, is made up of two parallel C5 hydrocarbon ring systems with an iron atom in the middle which is readily soluble in all hydrocarbons (Schug et al. 1990) It acts as an effective combustion catalyst if dissolved in the fuel at the molecular level or, at a minimum, dispersed at sub-micrometer size levels. However, when ethanol is blended with gasoline, the introduction of hydroxyl group significantly decreases Ferrocene solubility in fuel (Dbrowski, Misterkiewicz, and Sporzyński 2001). This helps to explain why high ethanol fraction fuels (E10 and E15) have a higher percentage of iron (Fe) deposits than low ethanol fraction fuels (E0 and E5). At high temperature conditions, in the presence of unreacted oxygen, the insoluble Ferrocene oxidises to form Iron oxide on spark plug tip. There’s a good probability that Iron oxide adhered to the spark plug surface act as a precursor and helped pave the way for agglomeration of spark plug deposits. Further, the elements Zinc and Phosphorus found in EDS results are attributed to lubricating oil additive Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP). The presence of Aluminium in EDS results is due to engine wear while Copper and Nickel are from central electrode material. In summary, the results suggest that deposit precursors are from the decomposition of lubricating oil, additives or fuel itself. Additionally, oxidised hydrocarbon species and metal elements may also act as the precursors. Moreover, the presence of metals and oxygen in the chemical analysis of deposits increases the probability of the presence of metallic ions and the formation of metal oxide. According to Kameoka and Tsuchiya (2006), the presence of metal oxides such as FeO in deposits at high temperatures increases conductivity and promotes the possibility of side sparking between the central electrode and spark plug housing, which can lead to misfire and reduced spark plug life.