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Enterobacter sp. CZ-1 isolated from an arsenic-contaminated paddy soil
Published in Yong-Guan Zhu, Huaming Guo, Prosun Bhattacharya, Jochen Bundschuh, Arslan Ahmad, Ravi Naidu, Environmental Arsenic in a Changing World, 2019
The extensive use of the organoarsenical 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzene arsonic acid (roxarsone; Rox[V]) as a feed additive in the poultry industry can lead to increasing arsenic contamination of soil and water environments (Nachman et al., 2005; O’Conner et al., 2005). Previous studies using chicken feces and sewage sludge show that microbes play significant roles in degrading Rox(V) in the environment (Cortinas et al., 2006; Stolz et al., 2007). Stolz et al. (2007) reported that Clostridium species were mainly responsible for Rox(V) degradation under anaerobic conditions in their enrichment cultures obtained from chicken litter. They also isolated an anaerobic Rox(V)-degrading bacterium Clostridium OhILAs (Stolz et al., 2007). Two other anaerobic bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, have also been found to possess the Rox(V) degradation ability (Chen et al., 2016; Han et al., 2017). Roxarsone biodegradation activity of an aerobic microbial consortium has also been demonstrated (Guzman-Fierro et al., 2015), but to date no strains of aerobic microbes capable of Ros(V) degradation have been isolated. The degradation pathway under aerobic conditions remains unknown. In this study, we isolated and characterized an aerobic Rox(V)-degrading strain of Enterobacter, named CZ-1, and propose a novel biodegradation pathway.
Arsenic Poisoning through Ages
Published in M. Manzurul Hassan, Arsenic in Groundwater, 2018
Arsenic is intentionally added to the feed of chickens raised for human consumption. Arsenic is used as a feed additive in poultry and swine production to increase weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and prevent diseases (Nachman et al., 2005). Organic arsenic compounds are less toxic than pure arsenic and promote the growth of chickens. Under some conditions, arsenic in chicken feed is converted to the toxic inorganic form (Gray, 2012). Roxarsone, for example, had been used as a broiler starter, but it was banned in industrial swine and poultry production since elevated levels of inorganic arsenic were found in treated chickens.
Waste and Pollution
Published in John C. Ayers, Sustainability, 2017
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid that is toxic, being a known carcinogen, and can cause arsenic poisoning when present in drinking water (Mitchell 2014b). The use of arsenic in pesticides and in pressure-treated wood as a preservative sometimes exposed people to unsafe levels. Fortunately, the government recently banned the use of arsenic as a wood preservative. In developing countries, the main cause of arsenic poisoning is ingestion of contaminated drinking water from groundwater wells (Charlet and Polya 2006). For example, since around 1980 most people in populated Bangladesh have obtained their drinking water from wells because nearly all surface water bodies are contaminated with human or animal waste (Zhu and Schwartz 2011). By the 1990s arsenicosis, which causes skin lesions and can be fatal, became widespread. By 2002, 30 million people were exposed to arsenic concentrations in their drinking water higher than the maximum contaminant level (Frumkin 2005). Now roughly 21 million people in Bangladesh and eastern India are affected by arsenic contamination of their water supply (Zhu and Schwartz 2011). Anthropogenic processes such as leakage of sewage into the shallow aquifers may mobilize arsenic in aquifer sediments, contaminating the groundwater (Ayers et al. 2016). Now communities are drilling deeper wells in hopes of finding uncontaminated drinking water. Rice paddies are often irrigated with water contaminated with arsenic that can end up in the rice. The animal drug Roxarsone that is used in chicken feed also contains arsenic, and studies have shown that chickens that ingest Roxarsone have higher arsenic contents in their livers,9 although at levels too low to be of concern.10
Organoarsenical compounds: Occurrence, toxicology and biotransformation
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Jian Chen, Luis D. Garbinski, Barry Rosen, Jun Zhang, Ping Xiang, Lena Q. Ma
Aside from biological sources, anthropogenic activities also release Aso into environment. Compounds such as monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA or MMAsV) and cacodylic acid have been used as herbicides on cotton fields and other non-food crops. In the USA, ∼1,361,000 kg of MSMA have been in commercial use, but it has been banned by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) since 2014 (Chen, Sun, Li, Zhu, & Rosen, 2014). More recently, synthetic aromatic Aso compounds like roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) have garnered scientific interest as they can be metabolized and degraded by bacteria (Yoshinaga & Rosen, 2014). Roxarsone and its derivatives including p-arsanilic acid, 4-nitrophenylarsonic acid, and pureidophenylarsonic acid have been widely used in poultry production to treat coccidiosis and promote growth (Cortinas et al., 2006). However, due to increased Asi levels in the livers of chickens treated with roxarsone (Schmidt, 2013), sale of these compounds has been voluntarily suspended since 2014.
Study on interaction of p-sulfonato calix[6]arene with arsanilic acid
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
K. Chennakesavulu, P. Sreedevi, G. Bhaskar Raju, G. Ramanjaneya Reddy
The chemical warfare agents containing aromatic arsenicals like bis(diphenylarsine)oxide, diphenylarsinic acid, phenylarsonic acid, diphenyl chlororoarsine, and diphenylcyanoarsine were used exclusively during World War I and II. After the World War II, these agents are abandoned in Europe, China, Japan, and other countries by sea-dumping or earth-burying.[1,2] However, the leakage of these agents to the environment has been pointed in Baltic Sea, Germany, and Japan. Cerebellar symptoms were observed in the fishermen residing in the above areas.[3]The diphenylarsine chloride and diphenylarsine cyanide ware agents contaminate the soil by forming degraded products like diphenyl and phenyl arsenicals, which is one of the most important environmental issues. Moreover, cytotoxicity of phenyl arsine oxide is higher than PASA.[4]The PASA and roxarsone are the major feed additives in poultry and swine industries. The arsanilic acid is also used in veterinary medicine as a chemotherapeutic agent, because it inhibits the growth of some microorganisms. The arsanilic acid is incorporated in feed at a level of 45 to 90 mg/kg in the pig and poultry industries. The p-arsanilic acid and roxarsone are retained in chicken meat or pork.[5] Due to higher mobility of arsanilic acid, these are excreted in unchanged form and introduced into nearby water bodies and paddy fields. Arsenic-contaminated soil had a marked influence on the height of the rice plant. Plant height decreased significantly with increasing arsenic concentrations in soil.[6] Thus, there is a need to treat the polluted water and soil. The selective and quantitative determination of arsanilic acid will play a crucial role. This study may help in the development of stereoselective sensors for arsanilic acid.