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Microalgae for Animal and Fish Feed
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Margarida Costa, Joana G. Fonseca, Joana Laranjeira Silva, Jean-Yves Berthon, Edith Filaire
Several studies exploring the possibility of substituting fishmeal with Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Nannofrustulum sp. and Tetraselmis suecica for diverse fish species are reported in the literature (Shah et al., 2018). A 5% replacement of fishmeal with Spirulina pacifica significantly increased weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed intake of Parrot Fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Kim et al., 2013). The same study reported that a 15% supplementation resulted in higher muscle protein and lower whole-body lipid (Kim et al., 2013). Hajiahmadian et al. (2012) reported that Spirulina platensis substitution of fishmeal up to 20% led to weight gain and increased specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of golden barb fish, Puntius gelius (Hajiahmadian et al., 2012). The growth of silver seabream, Rhabdosargus sarba, was also not affected by a substitution up to 50% Spirulina sp. (El-Sayed, 1994). Neither were red tilapia fingerlings, Oreochromis sp., by 30% substitution with Arthrospira maxima (Rincón et al., 2012). Juvenile Nile tilapia presented a higher feed conversion ratio when 50% fishmeal was substituted by Spirulina sp. (Hussein et al., 2013), despite Velasquez and co-workers having found that 30% inclusion is the optimal level of replacement (Velasquez et al., 2016).
Nano-Minerals as Livestock Feed Additives
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
The performance of juvenile grass carp fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was studied in the presence of different sources of dietary Zn (ZnO, ZnSO4 and ZnO-NPs), supplemented at low (30 mg/kg) and high (60 mg/kg) doses to a basal feed, using growth and blood parameters as indices to assess performance. Results showed that the best performance in terms of WG, growth rate and feed conversion ratio was from fish fed feed supplemented with nZnO at low concentration (30 mg/kg), followed by those fed same supplement at high concentration (60 mg/kg). Also, best hematological parameters were obtained in fish fed diet supplemented with low dose of nZnO. The high dose of the supplement was reported to have caused significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the parameters. This result was interpreted to mean preference for ZnO-NPs as dietary zinc source for the fish (Faiz et al., 2015). Other effects of ZnO-NPs on animal well-being are given in Table 20.2.
Optimisation of the broiler production supply chain
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Elisabeth Brevik, Anna Ø. Lauen, Maria C. B. Rolke, Kjetil Fagerholt, Jone R. Hansen
Chicken and poultry, in general, is an important source of nutrition. Chickens that are reared for meat consumption are called broilers, and the global broiler industry is growing year by year. In 2018, poultry exceeded pork as the most consumed type of meat (Statista 2019). Broiler production is time-efficient and adaptable to market changes, due to the relatively short life cycles of broilers (Yakovleva and Flynn 2004). Moreover, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) is relatively low, with a required input of 2.3 kg feed per kg output of chicken meat. In comparison, pigs and beef calves require a lot more resources for breeding, with FCRs of 4.0 and 4.6, respectively (Wilkinson 2011). To maintain an efficient and sustainable livestock production in the decades to come, Hume, Whitelaw, and Archibald (2011) emphasise the importance of low FCRs to reduce the ecological footprints.
Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ka Yan Man, Ka Lai Chow, Yu Bon Man, Wing Yin Mo, Ming Hung Wong
There is already a large amount of available information related to the production and usage of biochar for remediation (Oliveira et al., 2017). However, there is a severe lack of information about application of biochar derived from diversified feedstocks as feed supplements in animal farming. This review paper focuses on the effects of different biochar feedstocks as feed supplements for farming ruminants, pigs, poultry and fish, as well as identifying the knowledge gaps and research needs related to this. The effects on animal immunity, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, as well as the effects of biochar on enteric methane mitigation are included. Figure 1 illustrates the uses and benefits of biochar in animal farming.