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Occurrence of Transformation Products of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Myrsini Papageorgiou, Eleni Evgenidou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
Furthermore, ritalinic acid was detected in wastewaters as the metabolite of the drug methylphenidate (known as Ritalin) (Letzel et al., 2010). Ritalinic acid shows none or very low pharmaceutical activity. Ritalinic acid was frequently detected by Letzel et al. (2010) in influents and effluents of WWTP in Germany (13 of 16 samples) with concentrations ranging up to 270 and up to 170 ng L−1 in the influents and effluents, respectively. The removal of the specific TP fluctuated from no removal to 44.9% with a mean value of approximately 23% (Letzel et al., 2010). Writer et al. (2013) have identified 2-N-glucuronide-lamotrigine, a metabolite of the antiepileptic drug lamotrigine, in WWTP effluents in the United States. Concentrations of this TP ranged from <100 to 455 ng L−1.
First evaluation of the possibility of testing for drugged driving using exhaled breath sampling
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Olof Beck, Shahid Ullah, Robert Kronstrand
Upon analysis, the device is decapped and placed on top of a glass test tube. Methanol is poured through the filter and the methanol is collected, concentrated, and used for drug analysis using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical procedure has been previously described (Beck et al. 2013; Ullah et al. 2018) and the method includes testing for amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate, ritalinic acid, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, alprazolam, hydroxyalprazolam, diazepam, oxazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam., clonazepam 7-aminoclonazepam, morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, hydromorphone, and tetrahydrocannabinol.
Development and validation of a LC-PDA method for methylphenidate analysis in sewage
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Maiara C. S. Paixão, Jessica Nardi, Charise D. Bertol, Natália Freddo, Bruna F. Vieira, Vitoria A. Rosano, Maria T. Friedrich, Luciana G. Rossato-Grando
Environmental contamination by medicinal residues is often reported.[1,2] Commonly, one of the most employed ways of medicines disposal is by flushing them down the toilet or sink[3–5] leading to environmental contamination, since these chemicals are not monitored or removed in water treatment stations. Hence, they are considered emerging pollutants.[6] Among these pollutants, there are consistent reports of methylphenidate (MPH) aquatic contamination, both as MPH itself and also as its main metabolite, ritalinic acid.[7,8] Methylphenidate (MPH) is an amphetamine derivative currently marketed as Ritalin®,[9] and the use of MPH has been rising in the last decades to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and also as drug of abuse due to its amphetamine nature, or as cognitive enhancer.[7–9] However, due to the low concentrations found in environment, validated methodologies usually employ liquid or gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC or GC/MS-MS).[3,7,8,10–12] LC/MS is the analytical gold standard,[13] though it involves high costs and is not available in the majority of laboratories, limiting its applicability. This is a matter of great concern especially for environmental monitoring, since the difficulty in analyzing residual contamination in wastewater might lead to a false belief of safety and consequently to contamination of drinking water, posing a risk of exposure for both animals and humans. Furthermore, this method can be easily applied to pharmacokinetic determinations and to biological matrices, such as urine.