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Nanotechnology-Mediated Radiation Therapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
repair mechanisms, and (iii) cell-cycle effects [118, 122]. PEGylated AuNPs functionalized with a known ROS sensor dihydro-rhodamine 123 (DHR-123) having a size of 20 nm were engineered to effectively monitor the ROS generation in tumor cells that led to apoptotic cell death following radiation exposure [123]. AuNPs with core sizes of 2 nm, 5 nm, and 19 nm when functionalized with prostate-specific membrane antigen-1 (PSMA-1) ligand reported the highest cellular uptake of the smallest size PSMA-1 targeted AuNPs in PSMA expressing tumors followed by improvement in radiation enhancement [124]. Over the years, significant progress has been made to exploit AuNPs not only as a versatile drug delivery platform and imaging modality, but also innovative radiosensitizers and obstacles in the form of in vivo efficacy/fate. However, for the full potential use of AuNPs, further study about safety concerns along with a comprehensive understanding of the radio sensitization mechanisms and radiation energy parameters needs to be conducted.
Progress and Prospects of Polymeric Nanogel Carrier Designs in Targeted Cancer Therapy
Published in Jince Thomas, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Jiya Jose, Nanoparticles in Polymer Systems for Biomedical Applications, 2019
Prashant Sahu, Sushil K. Kashaw, Samaresh Sau, Arun K. Iyer
The recent developed biodegradable and biocompatible CNGs which have proved to be advantages for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging of cancer cells. They have studied the efficiency of CNGs to load dye rhodamine-123 and also MPA-capped CdTe QDs for studying the in vitro localization within the cells. The fluorescence emitted from the samples indicates its application for cellular imaging. They proved the cellular uptake of these CNGs with the imaging agents in an array of normal as well as cancer cell lines.74 CD44+-receptor-targeted HA and pH-sensitive poly(-amino ester) (PBAE) were formulated with NIR fluorescent indo-cyanine green (ICG) to form cancer-cell-specific pH-activated polymer nanogels for detecting cancer cells. The probe was internalized by CD44+-receptor-mediated endocytosis and accumulated in the late endosomes or lysosomes followed by the solubilization and disassembly of the polymer nanogel. During endosomal maturation, the encapsulated ICG was released by solubilizing the PBAE due to the acidic pH, thereby generating a highly tumor-specific NIR signal with a reduced background signal.75
Brain Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ambikanandan Misra, Aliasgar Shahiwala, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes, 2018
Manisha Lalan, Rohan Lalani, Vivek Patel, Ambikanandan Misra
Microscopy is the most widely used qualitative method to study BBB uptake of drugs in-vivo. The nanoparticles are either loaded with fluorescent dyes (rhodamine-123, fluorescein, and 6-coumarin) or linked via covalent coupling, then IV injection is given followed by sectioning the brain. An endothelium staining marker, such as lectin, can be used to visualize the brain endothelium. A plasmid expressing a fluorescent protein can be combined into the particle, and visualization protein fluorescence in the brain sections is then utilized to evaluate gene expression in gene delivery experiment. Single particles can be visualized in targeted regions of the brain using electron microscopy. Zensi et al. (2009) (Mensch et al. 2009) showed that electron microscopy can detect human serum albumin nanoparticles in murine brain sections after iv administration.
Folic acid engineered sulforaphane loaded microbeads for targeting breast cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Zafar Khan, Abdulsalam Alhalmi, Neha Tyagi, Wasi Uzzaman Khan, Afsana Sheikh, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Kanchan Kohli, Prashant Kesharwani
This method was used to test the formulation’s permeation capacity through enterocytes. The SFN-suspension and folate-alginate SFN microbeads were labeled with Rhodamine 123, a fluorescent dye. Before adding the polymer to the aqueous phase, the dye was introduced and blended into the polymer. These formulations were put in 6–7 cm intestinal segments. The segments were ligated to form sacs, which were then placed in a 37 ± 0.5 °C oxygenated tyrode solution. The intestine segments were sliced open and placed on aluminum foil after 1 h of treatment. The segments were arranged on the slide with the inner side facing up. The fluorescent signal was identified using confocal laser scanning microscopy (Leica Microsystem Ltd., Wetzlar, Germany) and LAS AF software [59]. The intestinal depth to which the SFN microbeads penetrated via the z-axis as well as the intensity of the permeation was measured [60].
Efficient antibacterial/biofilm, anti-cancer and photocatalytic potential of titanium dioxide nanocatalysts green synthesised using Gloriosa superba rhizome extract
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2021
D. Mahendran, P. B. Kavi Kishor, N. Geetha, T. Manish, S. V. Sahi, P. Venkatachalam
The effect of nanotitania catalysts on mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by rhodamine 123 dye staining method. After nanotitania catalysts treatment, live cells contain higher polarity, whereas dead cells drop such polarity for the destruction of mitochondrial membrane reliability, thus, exhibit a suspension of the dye [43]. Higher mitochondrial depolarization was found to be nanotitania catalysts (46.64 µg/mL) treated MCF-7 cells over GSRE (55.30 µg/mL) and control cells (Figure 7(d–f)). Such changes in mitochondrial membrane potential could be associated to the constant release of nanotitania catalysts into MCF-7 cancer cells. Recently, Ramalingam et al. [44] have revealed that the treatment with PVP-AuNPs has increased the mitochondria depolarization. Exposure of PVP-AuNPs could enhance the intracellular ROS generation in lung cancer cell lines including A549, H460 and H520 when compare to free Dox, Dox@PVP-AuNPs and control cells. Similarly, the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles towards damage to the mitochondria was also reported earlier [45].
Oleuropein attenuates the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-perturbing effects on pancreatic β-cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Eun Mi Choi, Kwang Sik Suh, Soo Jin Yun, Jinsun Park, So Young Park, Sang Ouk Chin, Suk Chon
Next, we tried to monitor generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells treated with TCDD directly by employing DHR123, a fluorescent indicator for mitochondrial ROS. Uncharged non-fluorescent dye DHR123 is a derivative of rhodamine 123 (R123). This probe passively enters into the cells and is oxidized by ROS to form R123. R123 is a cationic green fluorescent dye that can accumulate and localize into the mitochondria.[16] We monitored the changes in fluorescent signals for 48 hrs after exposure to TCDD. As shown in Figure 7A, treatment with 1–100 nM TCDD markedly increased the DHR123 fluorescent signals for up to 48 hrs, implicating that TCDD induces generation of mitochondrial ROS. We then evaluated the effect of oleuropein on inhibition of DHR123 fluorescence. As shown in Figure 7B, treatment with 0.1–10 µM oleuropein markedly suppressed TCDD-induced ROS.