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Pesticides
Published in José L. Tadeo, Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples, 2019
José L. Tadeo, Beatriz Albero, Rosa Ana Pérez
Procymidone is a dicarboximide-derived fungicide with moderate systemic action. It is rapidly absorbed through the roots but also through the stem or the leaves. It is used for the control of storage rots of fruits and vegetables and it is effective for seed dressing of cereals. Table 1.25 summarizes the properties of various frequently used fungicides belonging to different chemical classes.
Novel drying and pretreatment methods for control of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: A review
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Tiantian Tang, Min Zhang, Ronghua Ju, Arun S. Mujumdar, Dongxing Yu
In fact, different drying methods have different effects on the reduction of pesticides. The research showed that the degradation rate of sun drying is higher than that of oven drying, which can be attributed to photodegradation. Cabras et al.[50] found that quinoxyfen residue in oven-dried raisins was equivalent to that found in fresh grapes, while no residue was found in sun-dried raisins. The levels of bitertanol, procymidone, iprodione of apricot dried by sun can be reduced by more than 50%, and oven drying hardly changes.[51] Sun drying can more effectively reduce the levels of hosalone and vinclozolin in raisins, while oven drying had better effects on iprodione and procymidone.[17] Liu et al.[52] investigated the dissipation of six pesticides in the drying process of shiitake, and the results showed that the dispersal efficiency of pesticides in hot air drying (26.0–68.1%) was significantly lower than that in sun drying (36.2–94.6%). The pesticide residue concentration of dried shiitake prepared by these two methods was considered acceptable. In general, sun drying takes a long time and the removal of pesticides is considered to be decided by the combined action of light and heat, whereas hot air drying takes a short time with insufficient light, and the effect of removing pesticides by sublimation or evaporation in a closed environment appears to be weakened.[52]
Changes in pesticide residues in field-treated fresh grapes during raisin production by different methods of drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Alireza Rahimi, Ali Heshmati, Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi
As shown in Table 4, some discrepancies and controversies are notable with regard to the interpretation of the changes in pesticide residues during drying.[15,19–23,25–37] For example, some previous studies has shown that the concentration of pesticide residues such as phosalone, benalaxyl, and metalaxyl after sun-drying method; benalaxyl, metalaxyl, quinoxyfen, and procymidone, following oven-drying method; and cypermethrin after alkaline-drying method applied for raisin preparation were approximately equal to their respective concentrations in fresh grapes.[21,23,28] However, some reports showed that pesticides levels such as diazinon, vinclozolin, dimethoate, methamidophos, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, quinoxyfen, pyraclostrobin, metiram, metalaxyl-m, boscalid, picoxystrobin, fluopicolide, 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, mandipropamid, and azoxystrobin, during grape drying decreased (Table 4).[15,21,23,27,31,37] In contrast, the level of phosalone, iprodione, hexythiazox, bifenazate, and cypermethrin after grape-dying was increased.[21,36] These discrepancies might be related to the differences in the types of matrixes, pesticides, and drying methods, time intervals applied between the raisin preparation and pesticide analyses. In addition, some studies reported changes of pesticide levels in dry weight, while other evidence described these changes in wet weight.