Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Microfibre Methodologies for the Field and Laboratory
Published in Judith S. Weis, Francesca De Falco, Mariacristina Cocca, Polluting Textiles, 2022
Abigail P.W. Barrows, Courtney A. Neumann
Density separation of samples is commonly used for preparing sediment samples or samples with organic material. Most studies mix or shake a highly concentrated or saturated sodium, potassium formate or zinc solution in with the sample (Maes et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016). This method is based on extracting plastics with relatively low density, while certain polymers denser than the solution (PET and PVC, PE, PP) are not always captured with this technique (Qiu et al., 2016), which includes many of the polymers used to make microfibres.
Lubrication and soil conditioning for pipejacking and tunnelling in clays
Published in T. Adachi, K. Tateyama, M. Kimura, Modern Tunneling Science and Technology, 2020
Potassium formate brine solution also has inhibitive properties. Formate is an anionic low molecular weight organic compound, with swelling inhibition caused by the potassium cations and the interactions of the formate molecule with the clay minerals.
Runoff Water
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
The highest levels of potassium and sodium ions were recorded in runoff from the Gdansk airport in 2009—this may have been due to the large quantities of de-icing agents (sodium and potassium formate) used during the winter. At the other airports, the mean concentrations of these analytes were very much lower. The mean concentrations of calcium ions determined in the runoff from the Gdansk airport were lower than those from American airports.
Potassium sorbate as substitute for KCl to shale inhibition in water-base drilling fluids
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Majid Naeimavi, Fereydoon Khazali, Mohammad Abdideh, Zohreh Saadati
Generally, the potassium ion required for drilling fluids is provided with potassium chloride. In some cases, other sources of potassium, such as potassium sulfate, potassium hydroxide, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, or potassium nitrate are used. Potassium formate which is more expensive than KCl is used more than other salts in drilling fluid to shale inhibition and as completion fluids (Bingren et al. 2013). Typically, these materials are introduced and tested on a laboratory scale and have not been empirically used in drilling operations. For example, potassium nitrate described as a potassium source for environmental purposes (Zhou 2015). Also, potassium sulfate purposed by some companies for replacing KCl as an industrial source of potassium (Imco/Haliburton, 1978), which has some environmental effects and limitations studied by Darlane (Darlene, Jeff, and Anthony 2003). Potassium chloride is an affordable and relatively inexpensive industrial material. Moreover, the use of potassium chloride in drilling caused chloride pollution and groundwater salinization. Therefore it has been banned by environmental protection organizations. The high concentration of chloride ions in drilling wastes can cause surface water and soil contamination, with the potential to inhibit the growth of plants (Dow, Florence, and Babu 2012). In a study, removal of salinity and exchangeable ions (such as chloride) from soil has increased the growth of plants (Miller, Pesaran, and Honarvar 1976). In addition to the difficulty involved in treating waste containing chloride, potassium chloride drilling fluid also causes problems such as excessive torque and drag, and the waste of time in the drill string trip (Huadi, Aldea, and MacKereth et al. 2010). For example, environmental regulation of The Florida Department of Environmental Protection states: “Disposal and release of drilling waste containing dissolved solids more than 10,000 ppm or chloride ion concentration more than 5000 ppm in surface and underground environments are prohibited”.