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Production of Biopigments from Agro-Industrial Waste
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Neegam Nain, Gunjan K. Katoch, Sawinder Kaur, Sushma Gurumayum, Prasad Rasane, Parmjit S. Panesar
In non-alcoholic carbonated beverages, synthetic dyes such as tartrazine (E102), sunset yellow (E110), amaranth (E123), and brilliant blue (E133) are extensively used (Figure 8.2, 8.3) (Andrade et al., 2014). Titanium dioxide (E171) is largely used in confectionery goods. Erythrosine (E127), red (E128), and amaranth (E123) give a red to orange colour (Figure 8.4) to food items, and their ADI values are 0.1, 0.1, and 0.8 mg/kg body weight, respectively. These colourants are incorporated into daily consumed food such as beverages, candies, and meat products. Numerous reports have shown that the consumption of food dyes or colourants significantly affects the behaviour of children (Gostner et al., 2015; Masone and Chanforan, 2015). Tartrazine (E102), quinolone yellow (E104), sunset yellow (E110), carmoisine (E122), ponceau 4R (E124), and Allura red AC (E129) are the six main food dyes that have been proven to cause negative effects on concentration activity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Copper chlorophyll (E121 ii) is used in fresh olives, and Green S (E142) is extensively used in canned peas, cake mixes, sauces, and mint jelly (Martins et al., 2016). Commonly used synthetic dyes are shown in Figure 8.5.Commonly used synthetic dyes (Baldrian et al., 2006).
Pharmaceutical Natural and Synthetic Colorants, Pigments, Dyes, and Lakes: Applications, Perspectives, and Regulatory Aspects
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti
International bodies like FDA, WHO, EC, etc., have performed long-term toxicological studies and framed certain guidelines related to the use of colorants in food and drugs after continuous monitoring [81]. Based on the observed adverse toxicological effects, a list of permitted colorants has been issued by the regulatory organizations that can be used widely in food and medicines [82]. Although, these colorants are free from any serious events when used in a small amount but a limited population is associated with adverse effects on larger consumption. The Medical Council has put forward several evidences of hypersensitivity and hyperkinetic activity in children after regular consumption of colorants (Amaranth, Tartrazine, Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine, Brilliant black BN, Sunset yellow) for long duration in foods [83]. Allura Red AC is not recommended for children and is presently banned in France, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Switzerland [84]. Erythrosine Lake is found to induce cancer and is presently banned in the USA for any human or animal use. Although, it is used in food in a small quantity since it does not produce any immediate health hazard [85]. Table 6.1 depicts the status of various colorants in the modern scenario. Tartrazine is found to exhibit hypersensitivity reactions and shown to cause hives in a limited population. Due to controversy over its safety issues, it is currently banned in Norway [86]. Nowaday, researchers are concerned about the safety of absorbable dyes and have developed non-absorbable dyes which has limited absorption characteristic from the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract [87].
Polymer-hybrid silica composite for the azo dye removal from aqueous solution
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Andrzej Sienkiewicz, Agnieszka Kierys, Jacek Goworek
The present study describes the synthesis of environmentally friendly and easy to handle polymer-hybrid silica composites as possible effective adsorbents for the removal of anionic azo dyes from an aqueous solution. The composites were synthesized with the use of the XAD7 HP crosslinked polymer, since its continuous polymeric network allows the deposition of a functionalized group convenient for dyes adsorption. Moreover, the XAD7 HP has the capacity to swell in silica precursors, which, together with its susceptibility to transformation in the presence of catalyst vapors, allows for a stoichiometric and fully green synthesis. As a model adsorbate molecule, the Cochineal Red A (Ponceau 4R, E124) was used. The E124 metabolites were reported to be cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic.[41–45] Although it is prohibited in North America and in Norway, it is allowed in many European and Asian countries as a food additive. The novelty of the present research lies within the new method of the synthesis of the materials, involving the employment of polymer swelling phenomenon to introduce liquid silica precursors and their subsequent hydrolysis and polycondensation in the presence ammonia vapors to produce composites that are in form of easy to handle spheres.