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Biological and Clinical Perspectives of Nano Quantum Dots for Cancer Theranostics
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Pardeep Kumar Sharma, Smart Nanotechnology with Applications, 2020
Bakul Tikoo, Gagandeep Singh, Ashok Kumar Yadav, Rajiv Kumar, Gurpal Singh, Ashish Suttee
Also known as Polymeric Nanospheres, they serve as bioactive polymeric drugs, polymeric conjugates with therapeutic drug and/or contrasting agents, and as conjugates when combined with proteins. Chemotherapy has several adverse effects since drug molecules are unevenly distributed into the body. Polymer-drug conjugates may come into play in such instances by prolonging the circulation time of the drug, improving the target specificity, and enhancing the permeability and retention effect. The polymer backbone can be conjugated with targeting moieties like antibodies, peptides, and/or small molecules to further increase the target specificity. These approaches may augment the production of more of such polymeric NPs to provide a range of chemotherapeutic and diagnostic agents for numerous biomedical applications [4–6,9–19].
Noninvasive Visualization of In Vivo Drug Delivery of Paramagnetic Polymer Conjugates with MRI
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Zheng-Rong Lu, Yanli Wang, Furong Ye, Anagha Vaidya, Eun-Kee Jeong
The conjugation of therapeutics to water-soluble biomedical polymers increases the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic drugs, prolongs in vivo drug retention time, reduces systemic toxicity, and enhances therapeutic efficacy.1,2 Polymer drug conjugates can preferentially accumulate in solid tumor tissues due to the hyperpermeability of tumor blood vessels or the so-called “enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.”3,4 Polymer drug conjugates can also down-regulate or overcome multiple drug resistance.5,6 Because of these unique properties, polymer drug conjugates exhibit higher therapeutic efficacy than the corresponding therapeutics alone. Several polymer drug conjugates are currently used in clinical cancer treatment, and more are in the pipeline of clinical development. For example, styrene-maleic acid copolymer neocarzinostatin conjugate (SMANCS) is used for liver cancer treatment in Japan;7 pegylated adenosine deaminase8 and asparaginase9,10 are used for enzyme replacement therapy for immunodeficiency and for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, respectively. Many other polymer drug conjugates, including pegylated interferon α,11 PEG–camptothecin conjugate,12 poly(l-glutamic acid) paclitaxel conjugate,13 poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA)-cis-platinate conjugate,14 and PHPMA–doxorubicin conjugate15,16 are in various phases of clinical trials.
pH-Responsive Nanomedicine for Image-Guided Drug Delivery
Published in Lin Zhu, Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine, 2021
Jong Hoon Choi, Eunsoo Yoo, Jung Hoon Kim, Dongin Kim
Polymer-drug conjugates consist of specific regions of the polymer backbone and drugs through covalent bond in order to facilitate both efficient delivery to the required intracellular site and availability within a specific period of time [84]. For pH-sensitive polymer-anticancer drug conjugates, various synthetic approaches have been adopted to include spacers such as acid-labile linkages between the polymer and drug in the polymer backbone or side-chain. pH-sensitive spacers located between polymer and drug allows polymer-drug conjugates to release drug in relatively acidic extracellular space either in a tumor, endosomes, or lysosomes after endocytosis as shown in Fig. 2.4 (polymer-drug conjugates).
A comparative study of the in vitro antitumor effect of the disulfide-linked and diselenide-linked polyethylene glycol-curcumin nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Mengting Zhou, Qingbo Xu, Jiangfei Liu, Tianyu Zhu, Yanhong Su, Jing Chu, Huaibao Cao, Hang Hu, Defeng Xu
Stimuli-responsive linkers have been utilized for conjugation of drugs and polymers in many studies.[17,22,24,25] Polymer-drug conjugates with stimuli-responsive linkers are designed with the purpose of maintaining stable in physiological conditions and blood while selectively releasing the drugs in the target tissues or cell in response to inner or outer stimuli. Stimuli-responsive polymer-drug conjugates have been proven to exhibit enhanced antitumor effect as compared to non-responsive counterparts.[26–28] Disulfide bond has been studied extensively as a reduction-responsive linkage and it could be cleaved by thiolated compounds through a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. It has been reported that the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level of tumor cells can be several times higher than that of normal cells and the blood GSH level is very low.[20,29,30] Therefore, disulfide linked polymer-drug conjugates might achieve selective drug release in tumor cells. In addition to disulfide bond, diselenide bond is also reported to exhibit reduction-responsiveness and regarded as a promising stimuli-responsive linker due to its efficient reduction-responsiveness and biofunctions.[31–35] To now, only limited diselenide bond linked polymer-drug conjugates were studied.[36]