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Endophytes as Potential Plant Growth Promoters in Forestry
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Vinay Kumar, Lata Jain, Sorabh Chaudhary, Ravindra Soni
Several studies have focused on studying the diversity of fungal endophytes and its importance to the host and environment (Kumar et al. 2019). Fungal diversity in tree forests is highly affected due to samples, sampling strategy, isolation methods, temperature, seasonal changes and climatic conditions (Suryanarayanan et al. 2011; Singh et al. 2017). Studies were conducted to observe the diversity and biological activities of endophytic fungi from Terminalia spp. that showed the variation between one species to another, tissue and organ level (Toghueo and Boyom 2019). A survey was conducted to study the association of endophytic fungi in the mixed forest system containing Betula platyphylla, Ulmus macrocarpa and Quercus liaotungensis which showed all three tree species had similar overall endophyte colonization rates but infection rates was significantly higher in twigs as compared to leaf tissues (Sun et al. 2012). Many fungal endophytes have been reported to found in more than one host with different percentage of occurrence among the hosts in the same habitat indicated the host preference of microbes (Zhou and Hyde 2001). Among the fungal endophytes isolated from the Terminalia sp. includes Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria sp., Diaporthe arengae and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were most predominantly present in the bark and leaves tissues (Patil et al. 2014). Fungal endophytes were isolated from the various plant tissues of Eucalyptus globulus (Lupo et al. 2001), roots and leaves tissues of Lepanthes and healthy sugar beet (Bayman et al. 1997; Shi et al. 2016). Andhale et al. (2019) isolated fungal endophytes, Alternaria sp. from the Plumbago zeylanica L an important medicinal plant with anticancer properties and showed the association of Alternaria sp. led to enhanced plumbagin content. Plumbagin is having anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities (Aziz et al. 2008). A list of endophytic microbes (fungi and Bacteria) isolated from different plants/trees and their functional attributes is mentioned in Table 11.1. Turbat et al. (2020) isolated endophytic fungi from different parts of Sophora flavescen, a medicinal plant represented by Alternaria, Didymella, Fusarium and Xylogone major genera's. Endophytes recovered from different tissues of Neem, Azadirachta indica, from different locations generated huge diversity of Periconia, Drechslera and Stenella endophytes (Verma et al. 2007).
Transition metal complexes incorporating lawsone: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Freeda Selva Sheela Selvaraj, Michael Samuel, Arunsunai Kumar Karuppiah, Natarajan Raman
Quinones are an important class of compounds with wide application, especially in biology. They can be obtained from nature but synthetic compounds are also known. As ligands, quinones bind to metals in three forms with respect to their oxidation states, Quinones, Semiquinones (one electron reduced) and Catechol (two electrons reduced). The binding properties of quinones makes their role vital in living systems. Among quinones, hydroxy substituted napthoquinones are important because of their biological and nonbiological functions. The examples of hydroxy napthoquinones are Lawsone, Bis-Lawsone, Lapachol, Juglone and Plumbagin [1, 2].