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Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: An Overview of the Clinical Outcomes and Evidence-Based Archive
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Manjir Sarma Kataki, Ananya Rajkumari, Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
Phytosterols are plant sterols chemically and biologically equivalent to cholesterol. Mostly, they are similar in structure to cholesterol with the only differences being the additional double bonds present in the side chain structure of plant sterols along with methyl and/or ethyl groups. Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol are the commonly found bioactive phytosterols. The Mediterranean diet, Portfolio diet, Okinawa diet, and vegetarian diet are the diet regimes that contain high amounts of phytosterols. The vegetarian diet contains a higher amount of phytosterols than non-vegetarian diets (Awad and Fink, 2000; Moreau et al., 2002). In a vegetarian diet and a non-vegetarian diet approximately 500 mg and 250 mg respectively of unsaturated phytosterols are consumed on a daily basis. Sitostanol is an example of a saturated derivative of plant sterols that has been studied extensively.
Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Leaf Vegetables By-Products
Published in Francisco J. Barba, Elena Roselló-Soto, Mladen Brnčić, Jose M. Lorenzo, Green Extraction and Valorization of By-Products from Food Processing, 2019
João Carlos Martins Barreira, Isabel Cristina Fernandes Rodrigues Ferreira
Structurally, phytosterols resemble cholesterol, containing 28 or 29 carbons and one or two double C–C bonds, characteristically one in the sterol nucleus and often a second in the alkyl side chain. Sterols derive from hydroxylated polycyclic isopentenoids having a 1,2-cyclopentanophenanthrene structure and comprise the largest proportion of the unsaponifiable fraction of lipids (Valitova et al., 2016). More than 200 sterols have been reported, among which the 4-desmethylsterols, such as β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and ∆5-avenasterol (Figure 12.3). In plants, β-sitosterol is clearly the predominant sterol (Barreira and Ferreira, 2015).
Synthesis of biocatalyst in microfluidic reactor for β-sitosterol esterification
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Fiona W.M Ling, Hayder A. Abdulbari, Chin Sim-Yee, Wafaa K. Mahmood
Phytosterols are naturally occurring molecules present in plant membranes that feature a four-ring steroid nucleus, a 3β-hydroxyl group, and a 5,6-double bond. The existence of an additional ethyl (β-sitosterol) or methyl (campesterol) group at C-24, or an extra double bond (stigmasterol) at C-22, distinguishes phytosterols from other types of sterols (Micallef and Garg 2009). It has been claimed that phytosterols can remarkably reduce cholesterol absorption by up to 50% (Jones et al. 2000), thus, phytosterols are important as cholesterol lowering agents that can be used as a substitution of dietary cholesterol in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Findings proved that daily intake of phytosterols at 0.6–0.33 g can decrease the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration by 6–12% (Ras et al. 2014) where reduction of 1% of LDL cholesterol can decline 1% of the occurrence of coronary heart disease (LaRosa 2007). It is believed that the phytosterols compete with the dietary cholesterol that minimize the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the digestive system (Garti et al. 2006). This resulting in excretion of the cholesterol that would minimize the solubility of cholesterol in the intestines (Ling and Jones 1995; Smet et al. 2012) while the adsorbed phytosterols are digested by the liver rapidly (Micallef and Garg 2009).
Valorization of selected fruit and vegetable wastes as bioactive compounds: Opportunities and challenges
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Nerea Jiménez-Moreno, Irene Esparza, Fernando Bimbela, Luis M. Gandía, Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta
Asparagus is also a source of phytosterols (Fuentes-Alventosa, Jaramillo-Carmona, et al., 2009). The nutraceutical role of phytosterols is related to their cholesterol-lowering effect in blood, since it competes with cholesterol inhibiting its intestinal absorption (Jiménez-Escrig, Santos-Hidalgo, & Saura-Calixto, 2006). Nakabayashi, Yang, Nishizawa, Mori, and Saito (2015) found a new S-containing metabolite, asparaptine (Figure 5g), in A. officinalis spears, which has the inhibiting capacity on the angiotensin-converting enzyme and plays a major role in hypertension (Acharya, Sturrock, Riordan & Ehlers, 2003; Zaman, Oparil, & Calhoun, 2002). Table 2 lists the different extraction methods used for obtaining bioactive compounds from asparagus byproducts.