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Published in Eli Ruckenstein, Hangquan Li, Chong Cheng, Concentrated Emulsion Polymerization, 2019
Eli Ruckenstein, Xiang Zheng Kong
Styrene (St; Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI), stabilized with 4-tert-butylcatechol, methyl methacrylate (MMA; Aldrich), and acrylic acid (AA; Aldrich), stabilized with 4-methoxyphenol, were passed through an Inhibitor Removal Prepacked Column (Aldrich) to remove the inhibitors. Ammonium persulfate (APS; 99.99%; Aldrich) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS; Aldrich) were used as the initiator and the surfactant, respectively. A solution of 2 wt % of phosphotungstic acid (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) was used to increase the contrast of the particles for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Distilled and deionized water with a conductivity of 0.05 μS cm−1 was used. 2-Butanone [methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); Aldrich, >99%], the swelling agent of the polymer particles, and divinyl benzene (DVB; Fluka; 70–85% by gas chromatography) were used as received.
Qualitative Chemical Analysis
Published in Steven L. Hoenig, Basic Chemical Concepts and Tables, 2019
Phosphotungstic acid (Scheibler’s reagent for alkaloids):Dissolve 20g of sodium tungstate and 15g of sodium phosphate in 100ml of water containing a little nitric acid.The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. The phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate.Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk):
Synthesis, characterization and properties of novel nonionic hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon hybrid surfactants containing a short fluoroalkyl chain
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Yutang Zhou, Yichao Shen, Liangjie Shi, Yong Jin, Shuangquan Lai, Yujia Tang
TEM was carried out on a HITACHI-H7650 Microscope with an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. Samples were prepared by the negative-staining technique with a 0.2 wt % phosphotungstic acid hydrate before observation. For each category, at least two parallel TEM samples were prepared and observed independently.
Concentration-induced micelle-to-vesicle transitions in aqueous sodium ricinate branched polyoxyethylene ether solutions
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Yongqiang Sun, Kehua Zhu, Jingjie Zhou, Yong Zhang, Martino Di Serio, Xiaoyi Yang, Yunling Li
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations were measured by JOEL JEM-1011 from Japan. An ultrathin carbon-coated copper grid was used as carrier to prepare the samples. Around 2% phosphotungstic acid was used as staining solution. The grids were fully dried before micrographs were taken.