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Bioactive Peptides (BPs) as Functional Foods: Production Process, Techno-Functional Applications, Health-Promoting Effects, and Safety Issues
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Afshin Babazadeh, Majid Nooshkam, Mahnaz Tabibiazar
CPP have been recognized after releasing of trypsin from αs and ß caseins. Almost all CPP include three serine phosphate clusters and two glutamic acid residues, forming soluble organophosphate salts, and possibly acting as a mineral carrier particularly calcium. Different degrees of phosphorylation can be seen in these fractions. A direct relationship between mineral chelating ability and the degree of phosphorylation has been described as follows; αs2-CN > αs1-CN > ß-CN > κ-CN (non-uniform phosphoserine clusters distribution). It was further illustrated that calcium-binding CPP are mostly hardy hydrolyzed with gut enzymes and most frequently founded in calcium phosphate complexes (Reynolds et al., 1994). This complex formation provides the reason for improved absorption of calcium through the distal small intestines of animals fed with casein diets compared to control animals fed with soy-based diets (Kitts et al., 1992).
Mechanics of Hard Tissue
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
J. Lawrence Katz, Anil Misra, Orestes Marangos, Qiang Ye, and Paulette Spencer
serine and probably phosphoserine, but they are not similar to the phosphophoryns of intertubular dentin (Weiner et al. 1999). Water in dentin may be classied as either free or bound. Water is present within the dentinal tubules as pulpal uid and within the interstitial spaces between collagen brils. Based upon experimental chemical microanalyses, bound water is likely present as hydroxyl groups bound to the mineral component (Gruner et al. 1937; LeFevre and Hodge 1937; Bird et al. 1940). Mass density measurements were completed more than a century ago. Mass densities of permanent and deciduous dentin were determined by direct measurement of mass and volume of moist dentin slabs (Boyd et al. 1938) and by considering dry powdered fractions of teeth (Manly et al. 1939; Berghash and Hodge 1940). More recently, mineral densities of dentin have been measured using x-ray tomographic microscopy (Kinney et al. 1994) and back scattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) (Angker et al. 2004b).
Stimuli-Responsive Giant Micellar Systems
Published in Raoul Zana, Eric W. Kaler, Giant Micelles, 2007
Frank Pierce Hubbard, Nicholas L. Abbott
Hartgerink and co-workers also investigated the ability of the above-described networks of giant micelles to direct processes of mineralization relevant to formation of bone. A solution of the peptide-based amphiphile in Figure 12.15 was placed on a TEM grid, and then gelled by exposure to a vapor of HCl. The top of the gel was then exposed to a solution of CaCl2 and the bottom of the gel was exposed to Na2HPO4. The intermixing of these salts within the giant micellar network lead to the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA). Interestingly, the authors also demonstrated that the crystallographic texture of HA was influenced by the morphology of the giant micellar network, with preferential growth of the HA crystals parallel to the giant micelles. The investigators performed control experiments in the absence of the giant micelles, or by using giant micelles formed from homologous peptide-based amphiphiles where the phosphoserine residue was replaced by serine. These studies lead the authors to conclude that networks of giant micelles formed from the peptide-based surfactant shown in Figure 12.15 are necessary to achieve oriented growth of HA.
Investigating the potential origin and formation of humic substances in biological wastewater treatment systems from the forms of phosphorus
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Mengfan Chen, Xibiao Jin, Yuan Wang, Haojie Bao
Brannon [31] studied the non-biological polymerization process of HS and found that the P content of HS did not increase when KH2PO4, serine, and ethanolamine were present, whereas phosphoserine and phosphoethanolamine contributed to an obvious increase in the P concentrations. The P in HS was derived from organic compounds rather than orthophosphate. According to the 31P-NMR spectra, the forms of P in the influent were all orthophosphate, while the forms of P in the bio-HS extracted from sludge and effluent were dominated by monoester P fragments and diester P fragments. It is verified that the P fragments in bio-HS might be originated from biological treatment process instead of being derived from some phosphorus-containing substances in the influent, and no studies have reported extracellular synthesis of nucleic acid, phospholipids, or sugar phosphate using orthophosphate. Therefore, it could be concluded that microbial cell debris, including nucleic acid, phospholipids, and sugar phosphate, is the precursor of bio-HS.