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Production of Biomass-Based Butanol
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
Bowles and Ellefson (1985) explained disruption of the function of embedded membrane proteins and causing alterations in membrane fluidity on Clostridium acetobutylicum by butanol. Solvent accumulation affects the permeability of cell membrane, thereby resulting in passive flux of ATP, protons, ions, and macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins (Sikkema et al. 1995). The transfer of the phosphoryl group from PEP occurrs in sequence with enzyme I, heat-stable histidine phosphorylatable protein, enzyme II, and translocation of substrate through the cell membrane. Further solutes are transferred into the cytoplasm by a non-PTS system. Glycolysis in butanol-producing microorganisms is affected by butanol accumulation from hexose and pentose catabolism (Ezeji et al. 2010).
Microbiomes and Metallic Nanoparticles in Remediation of Contaminated Environments
Published in Vivek Kumar, Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation, 2021
Ana Maria Queijeiro López, Amanda Lys dos Santos Silva, Elane Cristina Lourenço dos Santos, Jean Phellipe Marques do Nascimento
Numerous reports emphasize the identification of two distinct ATP-producing mechanisms, i.e. oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation (Hunt et al. 2010, Kane et al. 2016, Pinchuk et al. 2011). Oxidative phosphorylation is typically associated with respiration, in which the reduction of terminal electron acceptors is coupled to proton motive force (PMF) generation, which subsequently contributes to ATP-synthesis via ATP synthase. Substrate level phosphorylation is associated with the production of ATP through direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to ADP, using enzymes such as phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase. In the context of gold-NPs, bacteria able to reduce the Au3+ ions into Au° in the nanoscale are important, such as Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and other Shewanella species that utilize a broad range of electron acceptors, making this genus a model for research of anaerobic respiration and metabolic energy conservation. The substrate-level phosphorylation of S. oneidensis strain MR-1, for instance, is the primary source of ATP during anaerobic growth, while ATPase has either minor contributions to ATP production or acts as an ATP-driven proton pump that generates PMF (Hunt et al. 2010). This was surprising, given that Shewanella bacteria are obligated to utilize terminal electron acceptors when growing under anaerobic conditions.
Hemolytic Assay of Biocompatible Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ali Pourhashemi, Sankar Chandra Deka, A. K. Haghi, Research Methods and Applications in Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2019
Poonam Khullar, Lavanya Tandon, Rajpreet Kaur, Divya Mandial
Figure 8.19 shows the interaction of QDs with RBCs, the hydrogen bond between the free COO− groups at the surface of QDs and the lipid membrane may be formed, irrespective of their size. During the approach of the RBCs, many of these have a strong interaction by forming hydrogen bonds, and part of them may enter the gaps between the long biopolymer chains and interact with outer membrane proteins. They have the strongest ability to form hydrogen bonds with lipids and cause a bigger disturbance in the conformers of lipids. Besides, they break the phosphate ester bond to form a terminal phosphoryl group and a phosphate–cadmium complex, which may cause the pore formation in lipid membrane of RBCs and subsequent hemolysis. The difference in the interaction models for smaller and bigger QDs is due to the difference in their surface energy regarding size.
Molecular dynamics simulation study on the inhibitory mechanism of RIPK1 by 4,5-dihydropyrazole derivatives
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Yurou Zhang, Song Wang, Aimin Ren, Shanshan Guan, E Jingwen, Zhijian Luo, Zhijie Yang, Xinyue Zhang, Juan Du, Hao Zhang
RIPK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that changes the conformation and activity of the protein by delivering a single phosphoryl group from the γ position of ATP to the hydroxyls of serine or threonine residue of the substrate peptide [12,13]. A canonical kinase fold with an N-lobe and a C-lobe connected by a small hinge can be seen in the N-terminal kinase domain of RIPK1(Figure 1). ATP is bound between the N-lobe and C-lobe. lys45-Glu63-Asp156 form catalytic triad [14]. Among them, Lys45 forms hydrogen bonds with the α and β phosphates of ATP. Its primary function is to facilitate phosphoryl group transfer. A salt bridge is formed between Glu63 and Lys45 to keep Lys45 in a stable and suitable position. Asp156 interacts with the essential Mg2+ (Mg1), which chelates the β and γ phosphates of ATP and is possible to participate in facilitating phosphoryl transfer. The more critical regions in the protein are P-loop (residues 24–31), the Catalytic loop (residues136-143), and the Activation loop (residues156-196). The P-loop between the β1 and β2 sheets stabilises the transition state for phosphoryl group transfer. Asp138 on the catalytic loop may direct the hydroxyl for the attack on the γ phosphate of ATP. Thus, it contributes to the transfer from γ phosphate of ATP to the substrate peptide [13,14]. The activation loop contains Asp156 in the catalytic triad, which regulates the conformation of the kinase so that it is active, and has been suggested in the literature to have a role in substrate peptide-specific recognition [15].
Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Gurpreet Kaur Sidhu, Simranjeet Singh, Vijay Kumar, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Shivika Datta, Joginder Singh
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are organic ester derivatives of phosphorous, generally thiol or amide derivatives of thiophosphoric, phosphinic, phosphonic, phosphoric acids with additional side chains of phenoxy, cyanide and thiocyanate group (Kumar, Kaushik, & Villarreal-Chiu, 2016; O'Brien, 2016). Organophosphate compounds are the main components of herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides. Organophosphate compounds are also the main components of nerve gas (Adeyinka & Pierre, 2018). OPs constitute a group of biogenic and synthetic compounds which contains C-P linkage which is thermally and chemically inert and are resistant to thermal hydrolysis, photolytic degradation and chemical decomposition as compared to similar OPs containing more reactive S-P, O-P or N-P linkages (Greaves & Letcher, 2017; O'Brien, 2016; Kumar, Upadhay, Wasit, Singh, & Kaur, 2013). The basic structure of OPs consists of terminal oxygen connected to phosphorus by a double bond, i.e. a phosphoryl group, two lipophilic groups bonded to the phosphorus, and a leaving group bonded to the phosphorous which is often a halide (Kumar et al., 2013). Organophosphorus compounds are widely used for agriculture, horticulture, pest control, industrial, vector control, plastic making, warfare agents and domestic purposes (Adeyinka & Pierre, 2018; Singh & Prasad, 2018; Ballantyne & Marrs, 2017; Yadav et al., 2017; Eskenazi et al., 2014).