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The Evolution of Oil
Published in Michael Frank Hordeski, Alternative Fuels—The Future of Hydrogen, 2020
Petroleum waxes are the white products such as paraffin and vaseline extracted from distillation residues. They are used in candles, wax, polishes, chewing gum, and pharmaceutical and waterproofing products. Petroleum coke is a by-product of refining. It can be obtained in two forms, as thermal or green coke, used as low ash fuel, and in a calcined form, used in aluminum and steel industries as well as in the nuclear industry.
Manufacture of Carbon Articles
Published in R. Robert Paxton, Manufactured Carbon: A Self-Lubricating Material for Mechanical Devices, 1979
Petroleum coke is a by-product of the petroleum industry made by a batch process (delayed coking) or a continuous process (fluid coking). Petroleum coke is usually calcined at 900 to 1200°C (1625 to 2192°F) before grinding and sizing for the carbon industry. The source of the crude petroleum used, coking conditions, calcining temperature, and particle size (and shape) all affect the final manufactured carbon item.
Overview of Oil Refining Process Units
Published in Soni O. Oyekan, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process, 2018
As shown in Figure 3.18, residual oil is heated at a temperature between 900 F and 960 F in a furnace. The residence time of the oil in the furnace is kept as low as feasible so as to minimize coke deposits due to condensation reactions of the hydrocarbons. Heated oil is then fed into the bottom of a large vessel called a coke drum wherein extensive controlled cracking and condensation reactions occur. A coke drum is usually operated at a pressure between 15 and 40 psig. Cracked lighter products rise to the top of the coke drum and are drawn off and sent to the main fractionator for separation into gas and liquid products such as naphtha, distillate, and gas oils. Due to the poor qualities of delayed coker unit products relative to straight-run oil fractions, its naphtha, distillate, and gas oils have to be further processed in the refinery to generate suitable blend components for gasoline and diesel fuels. Petroleum coke is produced and the quality of the coke is highly dependent on feedstock quality and process conditions. Pairs of coke drums are typically used in delayed coking units, as one coke drum holds the hot oil and serves as the “coking/reactor” drum while the other coke drum operation is progressed through the steps of cooling, decoking, and preparing to receive heated oil from the furnace. During the period of hydrocarbon cracking in the coke drum and possibly due to feed pretreatment, feed qualities, and unit operational factors, foaming may occur, and silicon-containing antifoam agents are often used to control the foaming. The silicon-containing antifoaming polymeric agents usually thermally decompose to produce silicon compounds, which are then distributed in the coker product streams and mainly in the naphtha fraction.(61) A picture of a delayed coking unit is provided as Figure 3.19.(62)
Interface engineering of quaternary ammonium phosphotungstate for efficient oxidative desulfurization of high-sulfur petroleum coke
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Jiahong Gong, Huanhuan Xu, Jixing Liu, Hui Liu, Mingqing Hua, Ning Yang, Peiwen Wu, Huaming Li, Wenshuai Zhu
As the product of slag oil coking, petroleum coke is useful in carbon electrodes and fuels by the high carbon content(Chen et al. 2019; Olmeda et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2018). However, sulfur content is an important index affecting the quality of petroleum coke. About 40% of the sulfur contained in the raw slag oil will be retained in the obtained petroleum coke after coking, and tens of millions of tons high-sulfur petroleum coke (HSPC, S > 3.0 wt.%) are being produced every year(Chen, Ma, and Wei 2018; Lv, et al; Wu et al. 2018; Xiao et al. 2016b; Zhong et al. 2018a). HSPC could not be used as electrodes, because the presence of high sulfur content would increase the resistivity and consumption of electrode(Wu et al. 2018; Xiao et al. 2016b). HSPC also could not be used as fuels with high air pollution. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce sulfur content of HSPC.
Study on the performance of petroleum coke after electrolytic desulfurization in NaBr-CH3COOH system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Yong Zhang, Qi Yu, Huanhuan Wang, Mingxu Zou
Petroleum coke is a by-product of heavy oil in the petroleum refining process through the coking process. It is an irregularly shaped black block with a porous structure. It is mainly used in aluminum smelting electrodes, and fuels for power generation and heating (Al and Morsi 1992). In recent years, among the crude oil processed by China’s refining industry, the proportion of high-quality crude oil with low sulfur content and low impurity elements has been declining, and the proportion of high-sulfur crude oil has increased, making the proportion of high-sulfur petroleum coke also increasing (Shan et al. 2018). At the same time as China’s coal industry has proposed capacity reduction and sustainable development (Liu et al. 2017), the market demand for low-sulfur and low-sulfur petcoke as an alternative fuel continues to increase, and due to the epidemic, the supply of imported petcoke is tight. The overall supply of low-sulfur petcoke the conflict with demand will intensify, and high-sulfur coke desulfurization is imperative.
Effects of MgCl2 on the gasification kinetics of petroleum coke
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Wei Tian, Rongzhen Liang, Fusheng Yan
Petroleum coke is a byproduct of petroleum coking after refining. It has a high carbon content, high calorific value, low ash, and low volatility (Li et al. 2016). From the aspect of making high calorific value gas, it is an ideal way to apply petroleum coke directly to produce syngas with gasification process. However, because the content of metal ions is very low in petroleum coke, and the pore structure of petroleum coke is very undeveloped. At the same time, petroleum coke consists of long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon polycondensate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polycondensate, a small amount of low molecular organic matter and a small amount of inorganic compounds (Wei et al. 2017a). Therefore gasification reactivity is low in the gasification process, which makes gasification rate much lower than that of coal and biomass gasification. In recent years, many scholars have done research on gasification and catalysis of petroleum coke (Jin et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2016; Zhou et al. 2011), but the catalysts used in industry, such as iron catalysts, potassium salts catalysts and sodium salts catalysts, are expensive and cannot be widely used in industry. After the traditional industrial wastes, such as laterite nickel, contain large amounts of magnesium salt waste liquid, direct discharge will cause serious environmental pollution, and the recovery of MgCl2 from the waste liquid is an effective way to recycle waste liquids. Therefore, MgCl2 will be used as catalysts for the gasification reaction of petroleum coke to study its catalytic performance.