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Food Safety and Security
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
In another action, in January 2016 the FDA announced that it will withdraw its approval for three chemicals used to make grease, stain, and water-repelling food packaging. The banned chemicals are all perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), a class of chemicals used to coat products like pizza boxes, pastry wrappers, take-out food containers, paper plates, and nonstick cookware. In lab studies, PFCs have been linked to adverse effects on hormones, reproductive, developmental, neurological, and immune systems, and to certain cancers [13]. In 2016 the FDA also announced that it had begun reviewing certain food additives for possible restrictions.
Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a large family of synthetic chemicals used in many types of household products that utilise their properties for creating water-repellent, grease-repellent and dirt-repellent surfaces. They are, for instance, used in non-stick cookware (polytetrafluoroethylene - PTFE - known as Teflon®), water-proofing sprays, Gore-Tex® clothing, stain- or water-resistant textiles (clothes, carpets, tablecloths, upholstered furniture), some cosmetics (nail polish, eye make-up), floor polish and waxes, window cleaners, degreasers or paper packages for oily foodstuffs (pizza and popcorn boxes) (KemI, 2006). PFCs are a complex group of organic compounds characterised by a carbon chain in which all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine atoms. This characteristic makes PFCs very persistent in the environment and non-biodegradable. The PFC perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was categorised as a persistent organic pollutant in the Stockholm Convention and as a priority hazardous substance in the EU beause of its very high persistence in the environment, its bioaccumulation potential and its toxicity. Its use is now restricted in many countries and its production has decreased drastically in recent years. The PFC, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has also recently received more interest based on its toxic and eco-toxic properties and its high persistence (Post et al., 2012). PFOA and PFOS are among the most abundant PFCs observed in raw municipal wastewaters with average concentrations around 5-50 ng l−1. The sum of the concentrations of the most common PFCs is usually reported in the range of 30-150 ng l 1 (Ahrens et al., 2009; Arvaniti et al., 2012; Bossi et al., 2008; Guo et al., 2010).
Emerging Environmental Contaminants
Published in Pankaj Chowdhary, Abhay Raj, Contaminants and Clean Technologies, 2020
Pankaj Chowdhary, Vishvas Hare, Anil K. Singh, Preeti Chaturvedi, Soumya Pandit
Numerous compounds existing in the surroundings act as contaminants due to their detrimental consequences on the surroundings and human health (Figure 1.3). These contaminants are present in everyday lifestyle compounds, which include pharmaceutical drugs, water disinfection byproducts, perfluorinated compounds, UV filters, nanomaterials, fuel additives, and lots more as mentioned earlier. Their rapid and extensive use in urbanization, industry, transportation, and agriculture releases EECs into the environment in dangerous levels (Richardson and Ternes, 2014; Gavrilescu et al., 2015; Chowdhary and Bharagava, 2019). As an example, in addition to the advantages of shape-based pills to human fitness, they have a few consequences on live cells, organs, molecules, and tissues (Fent et al., 2006; Ullah et al., 2018). In this perspective, propranolol and fluoxetine have hazardous effect next to benthos and zooplankton (Huggett et al., 2002; Brooks et al., 2003). Pharmaceutical EECs in low concentration aren’t effectively unsafe to the surroundings, and human health, but long-term exposure to these low-concentration EECs causes a chronic hazardous effect (Fent et al., 2006). Further, animal guts can take in a wide range of veterinary antibiotics; however, 30%–90% of those antibiotics are excreted via waste, blend with freshwater resources, and act as pollutants (Alcock et al., 1999). In these days, immoderate use of veterinary antibiotics causes an increasing growth and emergence of new resistant strains of microorganisms. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFO), are other most unsafe forms of EECs that could cause most cancers and damage liver adenomas, Leydig cellular adenomas, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Klaunig et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2014). Other health problems of PFCs in people are infertility, breastfeeding problems, bad semen abundant, a decrease in fecundity, reproductive disorders, and thyroid tissue issues (Knox et al., 2011; Webster et al., 2014; Shrestha et al., 2015). The main health problem of PPCPs is the disruption of developmental features, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, and reproductive features in people and animals (Krause et al., 2012).
Evaluation of the research trends on perfluorinated compounds using bibliometric analysis: knowledge gap and future perspectives
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Cecilia Y. Ojemaye, Mike O. Ojemaye, Anthony I. Okoh, Omobola O. Okoh
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are organic substances whereby the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms bound to the carbon chain. Because of the strength of the fluorine-carbon bonds, these compounds have extremely high thermal and chemical stability and high resistance to breakdown biologically.[1,2] PFCs (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)) can certainly be grouped into a class of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA), perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSA) (of which perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are the most well-known.), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMACs), perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs), and perfluorinated phosphonic acids (PFPAs).[3,4]
Trends and Levels of Perfluorinated Compounds in Soil and Sediment Surrounding a Cluster of Metal Plating Industries
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2021
Situ Na, Reti Hai, Xiaohui Wang, Nankun Li
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a class of synthetic fluorinated organic chemicals that have been widely used in industrial and consumer products, such as firefighting foams, insecticides, semiconductors, and metal plating (He et al. 2018; Joyce Dinglasan-Panlilio, Prakash, and Baker 2014; Liu et al. 2020; Meng et al., 2013a; Wang et al. 2013). PFCs break down very slowly in the environment due to the presence of carbon-fluorine bonds in their molecular structures (He et al. 2018). Thus, PFCs have been found ubiquitously in air (Wu et al. 2019), water (Andersson et al. 2019; Fang et al. 2019; Hepburn et al. 2019), soil (Gao et al. 2019; Naile et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2019), and sediments (Cao et al. 2015; Dong et al. 2018; Yang, Zhu, and Liu 2011). Moreover, the presence of PFCs in the environment poses potential risks to the environment and humans (Domingo and Nadal 2019; Liu et al. 2020; Meng et al. 2019; Pan et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2019). Therefore, PFCs have been recognized as emerging pollutants and have attracted public concern globally. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are the most commonly detected PFCs and have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under Annex B of the Stockholm Convention in 2009 (United Nations Environment Programme 2009).
Correlation between mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and length of perfluorinated compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Perfluorinated compounds (PFC) are a class of chemicals containing only carbon-fluorine bonds and carbon-carbon bonds. PFC has been used in numerous industrial and home products, such as carpets, clothing, food packaging, and nonstick coatings (Corsini et al. 2014). As PFC is extremely stable and slowly degraded, these chemicals were detected in environment and may lead to potential adverse health effects in humans and wildlife (Lei et al. 2015). Previous investigators demonstrated that PFC produce immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic abnormalities (Berntsen et al. 2017; Grandjean and Budtz-Jørgensen 2013, Zhou et al. 2016). Among PFC family, perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been widely used in large quantities in a number of applications including surface coatings and water- and oil resistance since the 1950s (Wu et al. 2015). However, the use of PFOA and PFOS has been reduced in the last years. As a consequence of indiscriminate use and potential adverse effects, PFOA and PFOS were substituted with other PFC, such as perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). Consequently, human levels of the latter compounds have been found to be increasing (Lindh et al. 2012).