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Proteins for Conditioning Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
There is interest internationally in cosmeceutical-type skin care products containing enzymes (44). Superoxide dismutase, a superoxide radical scavenger which may thereby function as an antiinflammatory agent, has been protected in gelatin microspheres, allowing the majority of the enzyme to be delivered in active form from the preparations. This mode of entrapment improved stability toward pH and temperature extremes as well as providing increased resistance to protease attack (45). Similar stabilization can be expected with other enzymes. Papain, a protease, has been immobilized on polyacrylic acid for use as an alternative to AHAs as an exfoliant (46). Papain is active at pH 5-7, allowing formulations at less extreme pH than is required for AHA-based formulas. A composite of enzymes involved in the protection of various plants from the effects of ultraviolet irradiation has been assembled for use as UV absorbers and attenuators in topical skin care applications (47).
Emergence of Nanovesicular Systems for Topical Delivery of Natural Bioactives
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Gajanand Sharma, Kanika Thakur, Akanksha Mahajan, Guneet Singh Randhawa, Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare
Caddeo et al. (2016) explored the potential of liposomes for the combination delivery of naturally occurring polyphenols, namely, quercetin and RES. Co-administration of both the polyphenols incorporated into phospholipid vesicles resulted in improved in vitro cellular uptake, along with a greater ability to reduce reactive radicals in fibroblasts, compared with the administration of polyphenols alone. The study gave ample evidence in support of polyphenol vesicular delivery, which may prove to be of immense value in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Papain is a proteolytic enzyme possessing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with wide applications in dermatology for wound healing. However, the high molecular weight of papain poses a major problem for delivery across skin strata, thus making its topical application as difficult. Chen et al. (2017) investigated the pharmacodynamic efficacy of papain-loaded liposomes for the management of scars through topical application. Papain-loaded into liposomes resulted in higher cumulative amounts of the enzyme vis-à-vis papain solution, along with greater retention in skin layers. The findings demonstrated the potential of liposomes as an efficient topical scar treatment product.
Expression of Genes in Bacteria, Yeast, and Cultured Mammalian Cells
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
A primary culture is a culture of cells taken directly from an organism. These are usually animals, commonly rats and mice, but may also come from human tissue (e.g., surgical specimens delivered directly to the laboratory). In either case, the institution’s ethics review board must approve any protocols for use of vertebrate animals or human tissue. Except for blood cells, tissues to be made into monolayer cultures must be dissociated: that is, the tissue must be disaggregated mechanically and/or enzymatically to allow the cells to form a two-dimensional layer. An enzyme commonly used for this purpose is papain, isolated from papaya, which digests extracellular matrix proteins without damaging the cell bodies. The cells are then plated on an appropriate substrate, which may be more complex than a standard “tissue culture treated” culture dish. Culture media also must be specially prepared according to cell type.
Papain bioinspired gold nanoparticles augmented the anticancer potency of 5-FU against lung cancer
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2020
Tong Li, Guoyue Yan, Yanyuan Bai, Mengli Wu, Gang Fang, Miao Zhang, Yangjiao Xie, Almaz Borjigidai, Biaofang Fu
The selection of capping agent/s was based on its/their abilities to bioconjugate with the drug for its safe and prompt delivery to the site. Various proteins such as transferrin (a serum glycoprotein), HSA, bromelain, trypsin [21–22] have been used successfully as capping and functionalising agents. Similarly, papain was selected by virtue of its reducing and anticancer properties. Papain is a sulfhydryl protease from the latex of the plant Carica papaya and displays a powerful digestive action that is stronger than that of the pancreatic enzymes. Therefore, it has been used for a long time in herbal medicine in different countries [50,51]; yet, very limited information on its molecular targets and anticancer effects is available. Papain can inhibit the propagation and invasion of TFK-1 and CC cells by inhibiting the phosphorylated forms of NFκB, STAT-3, AKT and ERK. It also up regulates the phosphorylated AMPK in the SZ-1 cells. After adopting multiple targeting processes using different pathways to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, this combination was found to be highly active and site-directed.