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Exposure to PFAS
Published in David M. Kempisty, LeeAnn Racz, Forever Chemicals, 2021
Kayoko Kato, Julianne Cook Botelho, Antonia M. Calafat
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass thousands of man-made chemicals, all containing the perfluoroalkyl moiety (CnF2n + 1–), with carbon alkyl chains of variable length and diverse chemical functionalities (Buck et al. 2011). Because of the strength of the C–F bond, PFAS resist environmental degradation and remain intact in the environment for decades. In addition, long-alkyl chain “legacy” PFAS also persist in humans with elimination half-lives of years. This includes three of the most studied PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) (ATSDR 2018; Dewitt 2015). By contrast, some short-alkyl chain PFAS (e.g., perfluorobutane sulfonate [PFBS], perfluorohexanoate [PFHxA]), and other “alternative” (or substitute) PFAS with different chemical functional groups such as perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids or fluoroethers (e.g., GenX, or ammonium salt of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoic acid) have much shorter biological elimination half-lives (Gannon et al. 2011; Gannon et al. 2016; Nilsson et al. 2010; Olsen et al. 2009).
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Baltic Herring in the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Finland (North-Eastern Baltic Sea)
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Progress in Maritime Technology and Engineering, 2018
L. Jarv, T. Raid, M. Simm, M. Radin, H. Kiviranta, P. Ruokojarvi
I he content of 13 analogues of PFAS—PFHpA (perfluoroheptanoic acid). PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid). PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid). PFUnA (perfluoroundecanoic acid). PFDoA (perfluorododecanoic acid). PFIrA (perfluorotridecanoic acid). PFIeA (perfluorotetradecanoic acid). PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonate). PFHpS (perfluoroheptane sulfonate). PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate). and PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate). PFHxA (perfluorohexanoic acid). was examined. For quantitation prior to an extraction procedure mass labelled internal standards were added into freeze-dried fish samples. I he samples were extracted with ammonium acetate in methanol. and centrifuged. I he supernatants were collected. extracts were evaporated to dryness and filtered Ihe PFAS were analysed using liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS). Details of the LC-ESI-MS/MS parameters and quantitation have been presented earlier (Koponen et al. 2013). Measurement uncertainty of PFAS was 30%.
Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS)
Published in Mark S. Johnson, Michael J. Quinn, Marc A. Williams, Allison M. Narizzano, Understanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), 2021
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a six-carbon per-polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS). The elimination half-life of PFHxS is about 1 month in mice and 4 months in monkeys, depending on sex (Sundstrom et al. 2012), with females eliminating the chemical more quickly. In rats exposed to PFHxS, the differences in elimination half-life are dramatic (i.e., 2 days in females and 29 days in males). No acute toxicity data in rodents were found for PFHxS..
The transplacental transfer efficiency of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a first meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Mareike Appel, Martin Forsthuber, Romualdo Ramos, Raimund Widhalm, Sebastian Granitzer, Maria Uhl, Markus Hengstschläger, Tanja Stamm, Claudia Gundacker
The most frequently detected PFAS in humans, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), are PFOS, PFOA, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). According to a recent risk assessment, adverse health effects attributed to PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA include decreased response to vaccination, increased liver weight, disturbances in lipid metabolism and reduced fetal weight and/or postnatal growth (EFSA 2020). Similarly, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) concluded that PFAS may exert an impact on birth weight (US.EPA. 2016, 2019) and that PFOA affects fetal growth (ATSDR 2021). Systematic reviews and original investigations found evidence that PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS are associated with lower average birth weight (Alkhalawi et al. 2016; Bach et al. 2015), while exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk of preterm birth, miscarriage, and preeclampsia (Gao et al. 2021).
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl mixtures toxicity assessment “Proof-of-Concept” illustration for the hazard index approach
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
M. M. Mumtaz, M. C. Buser, H.R. Pohl
The major exposure pathways for PFOS for the general population in Europe and North America are food and water ingestion, dust ingestion, and hand-to-mouth transfer from mill-treated carpets (Trudel et al. 2008). For PFOA, major exposure pathways are oral exposure resulting from migration from paper packaging and wrapping into food, general food and water ingestion, inhalation from impregnated clothes, and dust ingestion (Trudel et al. 2008). Exposure pathways for other PFAS such as perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) are less extensively studied but expected to be similar to PFOA and PFOS.