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Production of Organic Acids from Agro-Industrial Waste and Their Industrial Utilization
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Navneet Kaur, Parmjit S. Panesar, Shilpi Ahluwalia
Most wild strains employed for succinic acid production utilize TCA and glyoxylate shunt and convert phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to a mixture of acids like acetic, formic, and oxaloacetate first and then into malic, fumaric, and succinic, thereby leading to low productivity. However, under anaerobic fermentation conditions, PEP is converted to oxaloacetate with the help of the enzyme PEP carboxylase or PEP carboxykinase. Pyruvate can also be directly converted into oxaloacetate or malate with the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. Then, under the action of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase and fumarase, oxaloacetate and malate are converted to fumarate, finally resulting in the production of two moles of succinate by fumarate reductase (Cao et al., 2013; Mancini et al., 2019). The design and operation of bioreactors play an important role in the production of succinic acid. The importance of each bioreactor is discussed below.
Applications in Biology
Published in Gabriel A. Wainer, Discrete-Event Modeling and Simulation, 2017
One of the functions of the liver is to keep a steady concentration of glucose in the blood. This is done through three types of reactions: glyconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and degradation. Most substance reactions in the liver need energy and the sources for this energy are ATP and ADP. In most cases, ATP is broken down into ADP and energy is released. Oxaloacetate is used in the mitochondria, and it cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane until it is converted to malate. Once malate passes through the membrane, it can then be converted back to oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is produced by pyruvate carboxylase and is then converted to malate. These reactions were tested, and we show the results in Figure 8.10.
Mammalian Cell Physiology
Published in Anthony S. Lubiniecki, Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, 2018
Lactate is another metabolic end product from glutamine metabolism by some cells (71, 145), which indicates that glutamine can contribute to the intracellular pool of pyruvate. The pathway used to convert TCA cycle intermediates derived from glutamine to pyruvate is still not well understood and probably varies between cell types. Two of the best candidates include conversion of malate to pyruvate by malic enzyme and conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (61, 151, 158).
Towards renewable green energy produced by prickly pear living plant
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2022
Hattab Guesmi, Ridha Ajjel, Talal Alqahtani, Salem Algarni
Figure 1 presents that the prickly pear inner flesh gel contains different ions coming from photosynthesis phenomenon during night and day indicating that energy can be harvested at the day and at the night. The prickly pear is a plant that has CAM-type photosynthesis (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism). CAM plants are specialised in the fixation of CO2 during the night. This fixation is carried out by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP), which comes from the degradation of starch and sucrose produced in the chloroplast during the day. This fixation makes it possible to form oxaloacetate, which will be immediately reduced to malate, then stored in a vacuole in the form of malic acid, hence the name of plant with an acid metabolism. CAM plants need the light energy of the day to complete the Calvin cycle and thus complete photosynthesis (Boutakiout 2015).
Acute metformin administration increases mean power and the early Power phase during a Wingate test in healthy male subjects
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Victor José Bastos-Silva, Alisson Henrique Marinho, José Bruno Bezerra da Silva, Filipe Antônio de Barros Sousa, Sara Learsi, Pedro Balikian, Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
An increase in MP was accompanied by a tendency (p = 0.08) and moderate effect size (ES = 0.49) in the peak lactate values. This result may be associated with decreased mitochondrial energy production (Cameron et al., 2018). Furthermore, it seems that metformin reduces the activity of the pyruvate carboxylase enzyme, responsible for pyruvate metabolisation in oxaloacetate during gluconeogenesis process (Matyukhin, Patschan, Ritter, & Patschan, 2020). Thereby, the impairment of such enzyme function increases pyruvate conversion in lactate rather than oxaloacetate (Matyukhin et al., 2020). The impairment of oxaloacetate conversion could increase fast ATP turnover by the glycolytic pathway, explaining the effect of metformin on MP. Besides, Pilmark et al. (2021) found an increase in fasting lactate levels after three weeks of medication, which was also maintained after 12 weeks of training plus metformin. Metformin increases the glucose uptake by enterocytes and subsequently increases lactate concentration in enterocytes to increased glycolysis. That said, your study’s moderate effect size may be explained due to the greater use of anaerobic metabolism during exercise. Despite these results, under normal circumstances, therapeutic levels of metformin administration have no effect on the accumulation of lactate in the blood. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis seems to reflect the prolonged use of high doses of metformin, which is not related to our experiment (Rajasurya, Anjum, & Surani, 2019).
Growth and genetic analysis of Pseudomonas BT1 in a high-thiourea environment reveals the mechanisms by which it restores the ability to remove ammonia nitrogen from wastewater
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Jingxuan Deng, Zhenxing Huang, Wenquan Ruan
The C, N, and S metabolic processes of BT1 were constructed based on gene annotation. In terms of C metabolism, BT1 has the complete starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). It can convert cellodextrin, cellobiose, and maltose into glucose or directly use glucose as the initial C source and then metabolise glucose into alpha-D-glucose-1P through the process of starch and sucrose metabolism. Alpha-D-glucose-1P enters the pentose phosphate pathway and is metabolised into pyruvate and PRPP, which can be further metabolised into energy, amino acids, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism. In addition, BT1 has a completed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and it can convert oxaloacetate metabolised by the TCA cycle into pyruvate through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (Figure 2).