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The five-node resource nexus at sea
Published in Raimund Bleischwitz, Holger Hoff, Catalina Spataru, Ester van der Voet, Stacy D. VanDeveer, Routledge Handbook of the Resource Nexus, 2017
Although offshore oil and gas operations are carried out with stringent safety, quality control, and environmental restrictions, the industry has caused both chronic and catastrophic impacts on the marine environment and its other users. Ecological damage has occurred during all phases of oil and gas development, including during exploration for deposits, drilling and extraction, delivery of oil to ports, and processing. The catastrophic oil spill incidents certainly get the public’s attention – not only the aforementioned 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico, but also the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska two decades before, and the Ixtoc 1 spill in Campeche a decade before that. Yet it is likely that the low level but chronic and cumulative effects of offshore non-renewable energy development exact an even greater toll on marine life and on the communities that rely on intact and thriving coastal ecosystems. The use of sonar arrays to reveal pockets of oil or gas under the seafloor stresses marine life (especially cetaceans), while the maintenance traffic from shore to rigs is thought to contribute to the high rate of loss of wetlands along the shores nearby. These and other chronic impacts, and the risk of catastrophic accidents, are continually being weighed by agencies with jurisdiction for permitting offshore oil and gas development, and figure into the economic development plans of coastal countries.
Petroleum Value Chain & Its Transformation
Published in Basak Beyazay-Odemis, The Nature of the Firm in the Oil Industry, 2015
Although the main activities—exploration, seismic research, drilling, etc.—are similar, the value chain differs for onshore (on land) and offshore oil fields. Offshore fields are situated miles from land and require drilling through the seabed in more difficult pressure environments. Drilling in offshore fields has to deal with the constraints of deepwater, remote logistics, absence of a base supporting the rig and often harsh weather conditions. Offshore operation environments can be very inhospitable. In the most extreme cases, pressure and temperature can reach 35,000 psi (241 MPa) and 500 °F (260 °C) in deep holes. Because offshore operations are more complicated than onshore ones, they typically involve more companies, use more advanced technology and require a greater expenditure of capital.
Legislations and Regulations in Offshore Operations around the World
Published in Shashi Shekhar Prasad Singh, Jatin R. Agarwal, Nag Mani, Offshore Operations and Engineering, 2019
Shashi Shekhar Prasad Singh, Jatin R. Agarwal, Nag Mani
The United States has both federal and individual state agencies that regulate certain aspects of oil and gas production. Neither the US federal government nor the individual states have established a comprehensive energy policy to manage their energy resources. For example, domestic onshore oil and gas development is regulated by individual states under mandates to prevent waste and protect human health and the environment, while encouraging the greatest ultimate use of domestic oil and gas production. Oil and gas production occurring offshore in the Gulf of Mexico is managed by various US federal government agencies to ensure safe and environmentally responsible development, as well as the payment of production royalties and taxes for the public benefit.
Boundaries and Boundary Spanning in Digital Innovation Outsourcing: The Influence of Institutional Logics and Governance Systems
Published in Information Systems Management, 2023
Jennifer Jewer, Búi K. Petersen, Raymond G. Gosine, Peter J. Warrian
The governance system of the oil and gas industry consists of three principal components that impact digital innovation. The first component is regulative and consists of government-enforced industry regulations. The industry is regulated by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act and jointly managed by the federal and provincial governments through the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB). The C-NLOPB manages the regulatory regime established by the Atlantic Accord in 1985 and the subsequent implementation of legislation. The second and third components of the governance system are normative rather than regulative. The second component consists of industry associations to promote common interests. This includes the Newfoundland Offshore Industry Association (NOIA) and techNL, the association for the technology sector. The third component includes other groups such as the Petroleum Research Newfoundland and Labrador (PRNL) and the recently formed Ocean Supercluster which were formed to encourage collaborations within the industry and with companies in other sectors in the region.
Quantifying financial liabilities from offshore oil activities a New Zealand case study
Published in Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 2020
Kevin Oldham, Celia Cunningham, Jessica Spinetto
When offshore oil-related activities (such as exploration, drilling, and production) take place, there is a risk of significant financial consequence should an adverse event occur (e.g., loss of well control resulting in an oil spill). However, offshore oil-related activities also bring economic benefits (measured in GDP, direct royalty and taxation returns, higher paying jobs, investment, regional development, and exports). In New Zealand, oil and gas production accounted for 1.5% of GDP in 2009, generating 400 USD m in annual royalties and 300 USD m in tax revenue for the government (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment 2012), and is the fourth largest merchandise export in New Zealand, supporting around 7,700 jobs nationwide (PEPANZ 2016). Currently, two offshore fields (Maari and Pohokura) together constitute more than half of New Zealand’s domestic oil production (Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment 2016). The New Zealand government tenders exploration permits annually and considers New Zealand to be under-explored with considerable potential for commercial discoveries (New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals 2016).
Risk assessment in the maintenance of offshore caisson operations
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2019
Olubukola Tokede, Adam Ayinla, Peter E. D. Love, Dominic Ahiaga-Dagbui
Exposure to high levels of risk and uncertainties during maintenance operations of offshore hydrocarbon (oil and gas) structures has the potential to not only increase costs, but also jeopardise safety. The maintenance of such structures is a complicated process that poses an array of engineering demands that requires continuous, fault-free operations and minimum shutdown times. There are over 20,000 offshore hydrocarbon platforms installed around the world (Chandrasekaran, 2015). Many of these offshore platforms operate under harsh mechanical and environmental conditions, and often in inaccessible areas. Offshore caissons, for example, are vulnerable to corrosion, mechanical damage, cracks and leakages over their operational life. It has been reported that 44.7% of mechanical failures in offshore facilities are due to corrosion and other related degradation (HSR, 2002). Moreover, the costs of corrosion have been estimated to exceed US$2.4 trillion dollars annually (Velázquez, Van Der Weide, Hernández, & Hernández, 2014).