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Clinical Pharmacology of Parenteral Dosage Forms
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Partition coefficient (P) of a drug is the ratio of its concentration in the two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. Conventionally, one of the solvents chosen is water, while the other is octanol [7]. Logarithm of the partition coefficient is referred to as log P as is defined as the ratio of the concentration of the unionized species in octanol divided by the concentration of unionized species in water. P=[UnionizedSpecies]Octanol[UnionizedSpecies]Water
Matrix and Media Extrapolation
Published in Keith R. Solomon, Theo C.M. Brock, Dick de Zwart, Scott D. Dyer, Leo Posthuma, Sean M. Richards, Hans Sanderson, Paul K. Sibley, Paul J. van den Brink, Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals, 2008
Dick De Zwart, Amanda Warne-Lorscheider, Valery Forbes, Leo Posthuma, Willie Peijnenburg, Dik van de Meent
Sorption, or intermedia transport, is of importance in systems that contain more than 1 phase. Chemicals will migrate from one phase to another if the phases are not in thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., do not have the same fugacity). Octanol is often considered as a surrogate for various condensed lipophilic materials present in natural phases such as nonliving natural organic matter in soils, sediments, or aerosols and certain lipid-like constituents of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Although the fraction of such organic phases on a global scale is quite low, they are major sinks for hydrophobic contaminants (Di Toro et al. 1991).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Methidathion is a colorless crystalline pesticide at room temperature. It is sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in octanol, ethanol, xylene, acetone, and cyclohexane. Methidathion is a non-systemic organophosphorous insecticide and acaricide with stomach and contact action. It is used to control a variety of insects and mites on crops and fruit plants. Methidathion is highly toxic to animals and humans. The US EPA grouped methidathion as a class I toxic substance and as an RUP.
Combustion, performance, and emission study on the octanol- neem biodiesel blends fueled diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Mathalai Sundaram Chandra Sekar, Vennimalai Rajan Ananthan, Nagarajan Baskaran, Hari Kishore Suresh Kumar, Rameshbabu Arumugam
Octanol shall be blended to biodiesel to reformulate its chemical & physical properties in a positive way. Adding octanol to biodiesel shall result in enhanced combustion, improved performance and inferior emissions. Octanol enhanced properties makes it as an ideal additive than other HA (Devarajan, Nagappan, and Subbiah 2019b). When compared to other HA. Octanol provides improved phase stability, ignition quality, and enhanced heating value (Ashok et al., 2019). Harmful emissions shall be significantly lowered by the surplus oxygen molecules present in it. Many works reported the positive characteristics of HA namely pentanol, butanol and hexanol. However, limited works were performed on the usage of octanol as an additive in neat biodiesel for diesel engine applications (Yuvarajan et al., 20162016).
Pesticide removal from drinking water sources by adsorption: a review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2019
Stephanie Cosgrove, Bruce Jefferson, Peter Jarvis
The octanol–water coefficient (log Kow) is a measure of the hydrophobicity of a compound. This shows whether a pesticide has a preference for being in water or whether it is more likely to dissolve in the organic phase. Octanol is used due to its similar carbon to oxygen ratio to that of lipids (8:1), which are very hydrophobic. This means that octanol is non-miscible with water and so clearly separates the organic and non-organic liquid phases [57]. The polarity of a pesticide is inferred from its associated Kow value.
Selective Separation of 4,4’-Methylenedianiline, Isophoronediamine and 2,4-Toluenediamine from Enzymatic Hydrolysis Solutions of Polyurethane
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2023
Jörg Eberz, Moritz Doeker, Yannic S. Ackermann, Dominik Schaffeld, Nick Wierckx, Andreas Jupke
Separation of diamines were studied in single-stage solvent extraction and reactive extraction experiments. For solvent extraction, 1-octanol was used as solvent. For reactive extraction, OLA as reactant diluted in 1-octanol was used as organic phase. 1-octanol was chosen as diluent since it has been reported in the literature as a suitable solvent for bioprocesses and has already been successfully used in biotechnological processes in a reactive in situ extraction.[20,21] In addition, it is non-toxic, only slightly soluble in water and can be produced biotechnologically from renewable raw materials.[22] If not specified otherwise, the concentration of the reactive agent was 0.1 M. For the extraction, 1 mL of the corresponding aqueous diamine solution with a concentration of 0.5 g/L, were mixed with 1 mL solvent in 2 mL tubes. This concentration corresponds to 2.5 mM for MDA, 2.9 mM for IPDA and 4.1 mM for TDA. The water used was distilled in a MonoDest3000 (Lenz Glas Instrumente, Wertheim, Germany). An orbital Lab-Shaker LS-W (Kuehner, Birsfelden, Germany) at 150 rpm for at least 14 h realized mixing of organic and aqueous phase. After this time, it was assumed that the thermodynamic equilibrium state is reached. For phase separation, the tubes were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for one minute with an IKA G-L centrifuge (IKA, Staufen, Germany). Before and after extraction, the amine concentration of the aqueous phase was determined via HPLC. The error of the extraction experiments is determined with the coefficient of variation based on the concentration measurement via HPLC of all samples of each experiment before extraction. This is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean :