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Introduction to Drug Delivery
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
The drug delivery technology market is expected to reach USD 1, 504.7 Billion by 2020 from USD 1, 048.1 Billion in 2015 (9th World Drug Delivery Summit, June 30–July 02, 2016 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA), and creates constant demand for novel and more effective CRS and commercialized controlled release technologies with the most effective application routes. The research in the field of novel controlled release drug delivery systems lead to development of novel controlled release technologies, such as OROS, osmotic ally controlled release oral delivery system (Wang and Park, 2011), OCAS, oral controlled absorption system, TIMERx, controlled release tablets formulation with hydrophilic matrix: SODAS, spheroidal oral drug absorption system, IPDAS, intestinal protective drug absorption system), CODAS (chronotherapeutic oral drug absorption system) (Kalantzi et al., 2009). The direct entry into the body through the oral and pulmonary administration, transdermal entry into the body, and entry into the body through the mucosal membranes are three major routes of administration typical for the DDS.
Therapeutic Monitoring of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using fNIRS Assessment
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Treatment with medication and behavioral therapy are recommended in all ADHD clinical guidelines for ADHD children (Pliszka 2007, Taylor et al. 2004, Wolraich et al. 2011). In addition, the Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder study funded by the National Institute of Health (1999) and the American Academy of Pediatrics reported that treatment with medication was superior to behavioral therapy for school-age children (Hodgkins et al. 2012). Medication therapy is recommended in all ADHD clinical guidelines for ADHD children (Pliszka 2007, Thomas et al. 2015, Wolraich et al. 2011). Based on considerable evidence for medication treatment over several decades, the nonstimulant drug atomoxetine (ATX; Strattera, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA) and the stimulant drug methylphenidate (MPH; OROS-methylphenidate commercially available as Concerta) have been recommended as primary medications for the improvement of executive function in ADHD patients (Cubillo et al. 2014, Faraone et al. 2007, Faraone and Buitelaar 2010, Newcorn et al. 2008, Safren et al. 2010).
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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
The alternative to new drug design is the development of a drug delivery “vehicle” [68] able to guide a bioactive more precisely to its desired location of action (i.e., drug targeting) and/or control the release to ensure that an optimal concentration is maintained at the therapeutic target over a desired time frame. Historically, drug delivery systems were usually developed to improve performance of an established drug (better formulation, better route of administration, and/or improved therapeutic index), or to provide a product line extension (for economic benefit). Early technologies were macro- or microsized (e.g., the contraceptive Norplant [85]; Gliadel treatment for glioma [86]; Oros osmotically controlled oral drug delivery technology [87]). They were frequently designed to improve the bioavailability or sustain the release of orally administered low-molecular-weight drugs, or the bioavailability of drugs administered by the transdermal, nasal, or pulmonary routes. Patient convenience continues to make these routes attractive. Together with biodegradable polymeric implants and microparticles used for parenteral sustained release of peptides (Zoladex and Leupron Depot), such drug delivery technologies still contribute most to pharmaceutical industry activity in the drug delivery sector. The oral route is currently the largest sector (52%) of a global drug delivery market (anticipated to be ∼200 billion US$ by 2014 [88]), but the parenteral, implantable, and inhalation technology sectors are growing fastest and are predicted to outstrip oral technologies soon [89]. Nanomedicines are foreseen to play an important role here.
Treatment of Leather Dyeing Wastewater with Associated Process of Coagulation-Flocculation/Adsorption/Ozonation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2018
Bianca Mella, Brunna Samuel de Carvalho Barcellos, Dimitrius Extralazon da Silva Costa, Mariliz Gutterres
To compare the efficiency of coagulation-flocculation/adsorption process, ozone was tested after coagulation-flocculation as an advanced treatment. Ozonation, as an effective oxidation process, has found application in the decolorization of synthetic dyes by breaking the conjugated double (–N = N–) bonds associated with the dye. Ozone cleaves the unsaturated bonds in aromatic molecules found in humic substances, the chromophores of the dyes and other pigmented compounds, thereby reducing the color (Alaton, Balcioglu, and Bahnemann 2002). The decomposition rate was considerably higher at acidic pH (Forgacs, Cserha´Ti, and Oros 2004).