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The Cell Membrane in the Steady State
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Under steady-state conditions the active flux due to each ion being pumped is equal and opposite to the passive flux of that ion due to its electrochemical potential gradient. Otherwise, the concentration of the given ion on either side of the membrane will change with time, and the system will not be in a steady state. An ion that is not being pumped, and which can diffuse freely through the membrane, will be at equilibrium. That is, the net flux of that ion through the membrane is zero, and the electrochemical potential gradient of that ion is zero. The flux due to the concentration gradient of an ion at equilibrium is equal and opposite to that due to the electric potential gradient, and the Nernst equation applies to that ion.
Physiological basis and concepts of electromyography
Published in Kumar Shrawan, Mital Anil, Electromyography in Ergonomics, 2017
where p is the permeability (concentrations are indicated by [ ]). Comparison with the Nernst equation shows that in the Goldman equation all of the types of ions contribute towards the potential. However, their concentrations are weighted according to the permeability of the membrane for the particular type of ion. Therefore ions of low permeability, i.e. ions which can only pass the membrane with difficulty, have less influence on the potential difference. Measurements have revealed the following permeabilities of the membrane for the three ions considered before in the Goldman equation: pk: pNa: pCl = 1:0.03:0.1 (Kuffler et al., 1984). This means that the membrane is most permeable for potassium and that the membrane potential is mainly determined by potassium ions. Using the concentrations provided in Figure 2.2 and the permeabilities given in the above, a membrane potential of approximately −75 mV is calculated on the basis of the Goldman equation.
Design of PSO-tuned FOPI & Smith predictor controller for nonlinear polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Swati Singh, Vijay Kumar Tayal, Hemender Pal Singh, Vinod Kumar Yadav
The voltage of the PEM fuel cell in an open circuit is symbolized by the Nernst potential. The Nernst equation establishes a relation among the potential of an electrochemical cell, temperature, the quotient of reaction, and the standard cell potential. The Nernst equation is helpful even in nonstandard conditions for evaluating the potential of electrochemical cells. It is mathematically given by Eq. (5)
State of charge estimation for the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery based on Extended Kalman filter using modified parameter identification
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Qu Dawei, Luo Zixuan, Yang Fan, Fan Luyan, Zhu Mingyue, Li Haoxuan
The Nernst equation is a cornerstone in the analysis of electrochemical systems. Nernst equation shows the relationship between electrode potential and solution concentration by calculate the equilibrium voltage of redox couple. During discharge of the VRFB sing-cell, the SOC can monitored by using Nernst equation (Sukkar and Skyllas-Kazacos 2003):