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Liposome-Based Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Eneida de Paula, Juliana Damasceno Oliveira, Fernando Freitas de Lima, Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro
The broadest spectrum agents of antifungal therapy worldwide in the last 50 years have been the polyene compounds (e.g. amphotericin, nystatin, hamycin, dermostatin, etc.). Amphotericin B (AMB) is the gold standard antifungal drug, but its use is still associated with severe adverse effects (mainly impairment of nephron function by cumulative doses, besides fever, chills, myalgia, and thrombophlebitis), low clinical response, and high mortality rates. Another class of antifungal, the azoles, include ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole (launched in the 80s), and later the second-generation triazoles voriconazole, ravuconazole, and posaconazole. Their good activity against molds brought some help to the antifungal therapy, although some of them are mostly used as topical agents. Allylamines, such as butenafine and naftifine, are the third class of antimycotic agents that are able to inhibit squalene epoxidase, restraining the synthesis of ergosterol.143 In the beginning of the 21st century, another class of drugs, the echinocandins–noncompetitive inhibitors of β-1-3-glucan synthase, blocking the synthesis of the fungal cell wall – appeared as a promise for the candidiasis and aspergillosis treatment.144,145
Synthesis and evaluation of novel benzimidazole derivatives as potential anti bacterial and anti fungal agents
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Vishwajeet Amarsingh Pardeshi, Sultan Pathan, Amit Bhargava, Narendra Singh Chundawat, Girdhar Pal Singh
Recently, the incidence of systemic fungal infection has become an important complication and a significant cause of disorder and fatality in immune-compromised individuals such as patients going through anticancer chemotherapy or organ transplants. In recent therapeutic chemistry and drug designing [1,2], benzimidazole is becoming the first choice for researchers and scientists because of its potential biological activity [3]. Therefore, it becomes an interesting impression for medicinal chemistry researchers. Most of the types of scaffolds are known for their multiple beneficial uses such as their anti-inflammatory [4–6] antibacterial [7–11] antifungal [12–15] antioxidant [16–21] antimalarial [22], anticancer [23,24], antiparastitic [25]. According to the mechanism and from the known six classes of antifungal agents: ergosterol (fungal) synthesis inhibitors (which are class of azoles: voriconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole) Figure 1, glucan mixture inhibitors (caspofungin and echinocandins), ergosterol interfering (polyenes antibiotics: amphotericin B), squalene epoxidase inhibitors (terbinafine and naftifine), chitin combination inhibitors (nikkomycin), and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors (5-fluorocytosine).