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Chemistry and Biology of Monoglycerides in Cosmetic Formulations
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
In addition to the above properties, pure (>90% monoester content) monolaurin has good activity against gram-positive organisms as well as mold, yeast, fungi, and viruses. Commercial monolaurin (<60% mono content) is not antimicrobial. In the presence of chelating agents distilled monolaurin is active against gram-negative organisms, especially P aeruginosa.
Kinetics of microwave-assisted extraction of virgin coconut oil from solid coconut waste
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Mohd Haffizi Hasni, Sarina Sulaiman, Dzun Noraini Jimat, Azura Amid
Coconut, Cocos nucifera, is a common plant of the palm tree family. It is an important plant known for its versatility of use. Various products could be produced from its kernels (or coconut meat), such as coconut milk, oil, and spice (Chan et al. 2016). The global market for VCO in 2016 was at $2.1 billion, and it was forecast to increase to $4.2 billion by 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.8% (Goldstein 2019). The global market for refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil in 2016 was at $4.1 billion and would be at $6.5 billion by 2024 at a CAGR of 6.02% (Goldstein 2019). Coconut oil, in general, is known as a functional food with healthy fats, particularly medium-chain fatty acid, where the predominant fatty acid is lauric acid which is readily metabolized and absorbed by the body (Marina et al. 2009; Chan et al. 2016; Masyithah 2017; Ng et al. 2021). Lauric acid is beneficial for reducing obesity and can be converted to monolaurin, which has antiviral and antimicrobial properties (Masyithah 2017). VCO and refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil (RBD) are also known to demonstrate antifungal properties (Ogbolu et al. 2007; Winarsi and Purwanto 2008; Monica et al. 2018). Coconut oil, particularly VCO, has been used in skincare applications such as moisturizers, and it also has been shown to increase the wound healing rate (Nevin and Rajamohan 2010; Chew 2019). The difference of VCO and RBD in terms of fatty acid content is stated in Table 1 (Chan et al. 2016). The maximum and minimum limits of both RBD and VCO fatty acid content are not that different except for C12 or lauric acid. For RBD, the minimum content is 45.10%, and the VCO minimum content is 43.00%, a 2.1% margin.