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Methanogenesis and possibilities of reducing it in ruminants
Published in Lucjan Pawłowski, Zygmunt Litwińczuk, Guomo Zhou, The Role of Agriculture in Climate Change Mitigation, 2020
W. Sawicka-Zugaj, W. Chabuz, Z. Litwińczuk
The anti-methanogenic effect of monensin involves reducing the number of protozoa in the rumen and increasing the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid during rumen fermentation by increasing the reducing equivalents that aid in the formation of propionate (Beauchemin et al. 2008). Unfortunately, the growing antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria can also be seen in the case of ionophores, which means that their negative effect on methanogenesis may be short-lived (Johnson & Johnson 1995). In a study by Guan et al. (2006), the addition of monensin to feed (33 mg/kg) caused a 30% reduction in the methane emissions, but only for a period of two months, after which the protozoa adapted to the antibiotics. In addition, the increasing public pressure to reduce the use of bactericides in animal production and the ban on their use in the European Union suggests that the use of monensins is not a long-term means of reducing the methane emissions (Beauchemin et al. 2008, Haque 2018).
Controlling the internal concentrations of gases and odor within and emissions from animal buildings
Published in Thomas Banhazi, Andres Aland, Jörg Hartung, Air Quality and Livestock Farming, 2018
Livestock management activities to reduce CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and subsequent eructation fall into three general categories: improved feeding practices, the use of specific agents or dietary additives, and longer term management changes and animal breeding (Beauchemin and McGinn, 2008; Clark, 2013; Hristov et al., 2013a; Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Morgavi et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2008). Particular attention must be paid to the nutritive requirements of animals because of their influence on animal performance (e.g., milk quality and quantity) and the physiological demands on an adequate ruminal activity are important to guarantee the well-being of the animals. Dietary manipulations are also a promising way to monitor the usefulness of additives for mitigation strategies. Ionophores, in particular, were tested to reduce CH4 emissions from cattle facilities. A critical point in the field of ionophores is the application of monensin as a feed additive (prevents ketosis and has antimicrobial properties). Although ionophores should be capable of reducing CH4 production by 25% (Tedeschi et al., 2003), the increased public pressure to reduce the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture suggests that monensin is not the best solution for CH4 abatement (Beauchemin et al., 2008). Inconsistent effects of monensin on CH4 in dairy cattle have also been observed (Grainger et al., 2010), which also does not favor the application of monensin.
Antibiotic resistome in the livestock and aquaculture industries: Status and solutions
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Yi Zhao, Qiu E. Yang, Xue Zhou, Feng-Hua Wang, Johanna Muurinen, Marko P. Virta, Kristian Koefoed Brandt, Yong-Guan Zhu
Several classes of antibiotics have been or are used for food animals including both narrow- (e.g., macrolides and penicillin G) and broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g., most aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and tetracyclines). The WHO has declared a list of “critically important antibiotics” used to combat life-threatening resistant infections in humans. Critical antibiotics include several aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides and carbapenems, some of which have also been approved for the use in veterinary medicines or as growth promoters (e.g., amikacin from the aminoglycoside class, macrolide tylosin from the macrolide class and nalidixic acid from the quinolone class) (Collignon et al., 2009). Using these human-associated antibiotics for animals can potentially lift the possibility of occurrence of resistant human pathogens, therefore raises high concerns. A recent report revealed that more than 20 different antibiotics had been applied in Chinese aquaculture farms, including the chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, which are also for the clinic use for humans (Liu et al., 2017). According to the US Department of Agriculture survey of antibiotic treatment practices, the monensin, lasalocid, neomycin and virginiamycin were commonly used as growth promoters in the US feedlots (McEwen & Fedorka-Cray, 2002). Meanwhile, chlortetracycline was administered on 51.9% of feedlots in the United States, chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine combination on 16.8%, oxytetracyclines on 19.3% and a macrolide type tylosin on 20.3% (McEwen & Fedorka-Cray, 2002). Olaquindox was also frequently found as feed additives for Chinese swine (concentrations up to 1159 µg per kg of dry feed), while the florfenicol in the feed was found up to 16.5 µg/kg (Zhao et al., 2018). The most frequently used antibiotics in Chilean salmonid farms were florfenicol and oxytetracycline for controlling piscirickettsiosis caused by Gram-negative pathogen Piscirickettsiosis salmonis (Lozano, 2018). In Bangladesh, at least seven different antibiotics including sulfadiazine, erythromycin and trimethoprim have been administered with the feed (about 70%) or applied directly (23%) to the fish and shellfish aquaculture for the disease treatment, as well as growth promoters (Ali et al., 2016). It should be noted that in most developing countries, there is little monitoring and intervention regarding the use of antibiotics in livestock systems, as a consequence, using the types of antibiotics that are not authorized for animals may occur.