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Imprinted Polymers in Biosensors
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Yeşeren Saylan, Semra Akgönüllü, Nilay Bereli, Adil Denizli
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic antibodies and biological receptors, helpful to separate and analyze complex samples such as biological fluids and environmental samples (1). MIPs are becoming significant analytical materials (2) and they have seen a continuous improvement as a recognition element in sensing systems since the late 1990s. Molecular imprinting is favorably encouraged by the ideas of Günter Wulff (3) and Klaus Mosbach (4). In this way, molecularly imprinted and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs-prepared without template) that mimic nature by biomimetic strategies are synthesized and designed. These smart synthetic polymers have the advantages of simple synthesis based on a wide variety of inexpensive, easily accessible starting materials, and do not require time-consuming effort (5). MIPs are preferred due to their close recognition features to biological receptors and their usability for the wide variety of targets. Moreover, it is notable for its excellent physical and chemical stability compared to biological receptors (6–11). These perfect advantages have provided the application of MIPs in different areas such as purification (12), separation sciences (13), decontamination (14), chemical sensing (15), immunoassays (16), therapy (17), drug delivery (18), and cell imaging (19).
Molecularly Imprinted and Ion Imprinted Polymers for Selective Recognition and Sensing of Organics and Ions
Published in Asit Baran Samui, Smart Polymers, 2022
Pankaj E. Hande, Asit Baran Samui
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is a polymer that has the memory of the shape and the functional groups of a template molecule. The advantage of this material is that it can recognize selectively the template molecule used in the imprinting process, in the presence of compounds with structure and functionality similar to those of the template. Normally, the MIPs are economical, can be quickly produced by conventional methods, and are robust and stable during storage. They can perform under difficult conditions, such as at elevated temperatures, in organic solvents, and at extreme pH values. A higher sample load capacity is exhibited for small molecules than is typical for immuno-affinity-based sorbents that result in higher recoveries for analytical applications. In trace analysis applications, the efficient washing procedures are effective in leaching out the extremely low level of compounds from the MIP.
Determination of Pesticides in Water
Published in José L. Tadeo, Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples, 2019
Rosa Ana Pérez, Beatriz Albero, José L. Tadeo
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials prepared by co-polymerizing functional and cross-linking monomers in the presence of a template molecule. After polymerization, the template molecule is extracted, leaving cavities that are complementary in size, shape, and chemical functionality to the template. Thus, MIPs are selective sorbent materials that can be used in the enrichment and cleanup of target analytes from complex samples. Use of SPE sorbents based on MIPs introduces “tailor-made selectivity” into the sample preparation procedure. For this reason, during the last number of years MIPs have been combined with sample preparation techniques such as SPME, SBSE, mSPE, and matrix solid-phase dispersion. However, MISPE is the most developed technical application of MIPs. The conventional off-line MISPE is similar to the traditional SPE procedure, where the sorbent is a MIP packed into the cartridges that are conditioned, loaded, and washed, and finally the analytes are eluted for subsequent chromatographic or spectrophotometric analysis. An interesting advantage of MISPE methods is the high selectivity of the extraction process that improves sample cleanup. Thus, where selectivity is required MIP phases have distinct advantages over standard SPE phases.
Theoretical aspects of peptide imprinting: screening of MIP (virtual) binding sites for their interactions with amino acids, di- and tripeptides
Published in Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2018
Julie Settipani, Kal Karim, Alienor Chauvin, Si Mohamed Ibnou-Ali, Florian Paille-Barrere, Evgeny Mirkes, Alexander Gorban, Lee Larcombe, Michael J. Whitcombe, Todd Cowen, Sergey A. Piletsky
The selective and specific recognition of polypeptide and protein targets is a fundamental challenge in bio-organic chemistry. Materials with selective protein binding properties, such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), have a host of applications, including diagnostic assays and sensors, process control, proteomics, downstream processing, cell labeling, bio-security and medicine. The specific binding properties of MIPs arise due to the formation of a cross-linked network in the presence of a molecular template, thereby creating a binding domain within the polymer that is complementary to the target, both in terms of a shape and chemical functionality. This chemical complementarity comes from the inclusion of functional monomers within the polymerization mixture that have favorable binding interactions with the template during the process of polymer formation. The binding sites (molecular imprints) must be cleared of template by extraction before the polymers can be used for selective recognition of their respective targets. The imprinting of small molecules is aided by their ability to diffuse through a porous cross-linked monolith. Macromolecules, such as proteins would not be expected to diffuse out, or back into such a material. In the case of large templates therefore, locating the recognition sites on the surface of the MIP is necessary to allow rebinding to occur. A number of surface imprinting regimes have been designed to allow macromolecule-imprinted materials to be prepared, including micro-contact printing and bottom-up approaches. An alternative to imprinting whole protein molecules is the use of a characteristic peptide as template (the epitope approach).
Low-cost potentiometric sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer for the rapid determination of matrine in herbal medicines
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2019
Yeshan He, Tan Yang, Hailan Mo, Tiane Chen, Jianfang Feng, Wei Zhang
The molecular imprinting technique is one of the most attractive research hotspots in the field of material enrichment. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is an artificially synthetized macromolecular material that can specifically recognize and adsorb the target molecule similar to the interaction between an antigen and an antibody. Due to a series of outstanding features, including a pre-determined structure, specific recognition properties, physicochemical stability and extensive applicability, MIP protocols have received worldwide attention in pharmaceutical, environmental and biological analyses.[14–19]
Application of molecularly imprinted polymers as the sorbent for extraction of chemical contaminants from milk
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Fatemeh Hemmati, Hedayat Hosseini, Parisa Mostashari, Aynura Aliyeva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Milk is an aqueous matrix containing different compounds which could interfere with the analysis. Therefore, because of the low concentration of these compounds and the complexity of milk samples, it is necessary to use pre-treatment methods for purification and pre-concentration of samples before instrumental techniques. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials with particular identification sites showing benefits like high physical and chemical stability, facile synthesis, high selectivity, low cost, reusing ability, and usage capability of aqueous media. This article summarized the synthesis procedure and application of MIPs as a sorbent to extract contaminants such as antibiotics, hormones, and melamine from milk samples. Recent studies have indicated that MIPs can be successfully used to extract contaminants from aqueous and complex samples like milk, leading to lower detection limits and improved recoveries compared to conventional detectors such as spectrofluorimeter and spectrophotometers. Although the MIP is a very efficient and sensitive method for application in the analysis of food products, commercial exploitation still needs to be improved. There are very few commercial products of MIPs as sorbents for sample pretreatment. Problems like inadequate selectivity, incomplete template removal, and large production of MIPs have hampered the commercialization of MIPs. Consequently, more studies are required to improve the properties of MIPs as sorbents for commercial applications. Moreover, most studies investigated the application of small molecules such as antibiotics, metal ions, and melamine as imprinting targets. However, large molecules like bacteria and toxins are important targets in the analysis of food products. Hence, developing MIPs to extract toxins and bacteria in aqueous samples will be a necessary research direction.