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Charge-Modified Filter Media
Published in Maik W. Jornitz, Filtration and Purification in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 2019
Eugene A. Ostreicher, Todd E. Arnold, Robert S. Conway
As developmental efforts led to the surface charge modification of ever finer pore size media, even the MDL test was impacted by interference from mechanical straining effects. To deal with this situation, a test technique was developed based on the use of metanil yellow, a water-soluble anionic dye with a molecular weight of approximately 375. The dimensions of this molecule are approximately 18 Å × 9 Å (Graham, 1955), allowing it to be used as a test contaminant for almost any charge-modified media down into the microfiltration range without interference from mechanical straining effects. In this test method, the media sample is challenged, at a specified constant flow rate, with an aqueous dispersion of metanil yellow adjusted to a specified pH and resistivity, and light transmittance is measured with a spectrophotometer. The light transmittance of the effluent is measured and recorded as a function of throughput.
Reactive Black 5 bioremoval potential of newly isolated halotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Banu Şeyma Ceyhun, Sevgi Ertuğrul Karatay, Ekin Demiray, Gönül Dönmez
Previous studies also showed that halotolerant microorganisms are suitable agents for bioremoval. For instance, it was reported that, Shewanella putrefaciens removed 100 mg/L RB5 in the presence of NaCl concentrations up to 5% (w/v) and removal efficiency significantly reduced salt concentrations that higher than 5% (Khalid, Arshad, and Crowley 2008). In another study, it was reported that halotolerant microbial consortium removed 96.3% of the Metanil yellow, an important azo dye in the presence of 3% salt concentration and removal rate was obtained as 94.8% when salt concentration was increased to 5%. Moreover, salt levels above 10%, removal efficiency decreased nearly 40%. In the same study, it was also reported that increased salt concentration caused lower microbial growth rate and OD600 value of the halotolerant consortium and decreased around 0.25 to 0.08 when initial salt concentration increased from 3% (w/w) to 15% (w/w) (Guo et al. 2020). In another study conducted with RB5 removal by Issatchenkia orientalis JKS6, yeast cells were able to remove almost 100% of the RB5 in the presence of 3% NaCl (w/v). Bioremoval rates were decreased to 7.65% when salt concentration was increased to 10% (Jafari, Soudi, and Kasra-Kermanshahi 2014). Therefore, it can be concluded that halotolerant K. marxianus isolate can be a promising candidate for salt-contained dye removal processes. Because of the maximum bioremoval (92.7%) and microbial growth (1.9 g/L) values were obtained in the presence of 4% NaCl (w/v), further assays were performed in this salt concentration.