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Chlorinated Solvents and Solvent Stabilizers
Published in Thomas K.G. Mohr, William H. DiGuiseppi, Janet K. Anderson, James W. Hatton, Jeremy Bishop, Barrie Selcoe, William B. Kappleman, Environmental Investigation and Remediation, 2020
The direct reaction between a chlorinated solvent, such as methyl chloroform, and a metal, such as aluminum, iron, or zinc, produces the metal chloride and the saturated dimer of the chlorinated reactant (Archer, 1984): Cl2CHCCl2CH = CCl2Methyl chloroform→Dimerization3CH3CCl2CCl2CH3+2AlCl3
Some applications of electrochemistry
Published in W. John Rankin, Chemical Thermodynamics, 2019
In electrowinning, the metal compound is dissolved in solution or melted (molten salt systems) to form metallic cations, and these are reduced to the atomic state and deposited on the cathode by passage of a current. Metals that lie below hydrogen in Table 16.3 can be reduced from aqueous solutions since water is then stable. However, in practice, many metals above hydrogen can also be reduced due to the hydrogen overpotential effect. Table 17.1 lists common metals which can be produced electrochemically from aqueous solutions. Metals which cannot be produced electrochemically from aqueous solutions can be produced by electrochemical reduction of their molten salts, and a list of the metals in this category is also given in Table 17.1. In most cases the metal chloride has been found to be a suitable salt because chlorides have moderate melting points and high molar conductivities. Other halides can be used, but chlorine is the cheapest of the halogens and, therefore, preferred for the halogenation of metals that occur naturally as oxides using reactions of the type:MO(s)+C(s)+Cl2(g)=MCl2(s,lorg)+CO(g)
Introduction to Ceramic Fabrication Approaches Including Powder Processing
Published in David W. Richerson, William E. Lee, Modern Ceramic Engineering, 2018
David W. Richerson, William E. Lee
One variant of spray roasting is the pyrohydrolysis process42 for synthesis of high-purity metal oxides. A solution of a metal chloride in water is sprayed into a heated ceramic-lined chamber. Depending on the specific metal chloride, a temperature of 300–950°C results in a reaction of metal chloride with water to form metal oxide plus hydrochloric acid. Figure 12.19 shows a schematic of a spray roaster. Table 12.9 identifies examples of pyrohydrolysis reactions. The resulting oxide powder consists of crystallites approximately 0.2–0.4 μm in diameter agglomerated into hollow spheres 100–200 μm in diameter.
Synthesis of DBSA-doped Polyaniline by Emulsion Polymerization and PANI/PLA Electrospun Fiber Membrane Conductivity
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Taohai Yan, Mohan Zhang, Jinhua Jiang, Nanliang Chen
The transition metal chloride salts belong to the strong acid weak alkali salts, meaning they have certain oxidizing properties, such as FeCl3, NiCl2·6H2O, and MnCl2·4H2O (Bláha et al., 2017; He, Liu, Luo, & Wang, 2007; Senthilkumar, Selvan, Meyrick, & Minakshi, 2015). There are other oxidants such as K2Cr2O7, MnO2, PbO2, and NH4VO3, and ammonium persulfate (APS) that initiate the polymerization of aniline monomers to fabricate PANI (Ballav, 2004; Ding, Wan, & Wei, 2007; Shanmugapriya & Velraj, 2014). The resistance of some PANI products is relatively large, and some have not been polymerized. The correct oxidant could have a good effect during the polymerization of aniline. Studies have shown that the conductive properties of the PANI that were prepared using ammonium persulfate as an initiator are significantly higher, where it is inferred that ammonium persulfate is effective for the initiation and the polymerization of the aniline monomer (Li, Wan, & Li, 2015).