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Chemical Reaction Optimization
Published in Nazmul Siddique, Hojjat Adeli, Nature-Inspired Computing, 2017
CRO is the first of its kind meta-heuristic optimization algorithm that employs the principles of chemical reactions from theories of chemistry. Since its inception in 2009, CRO has been successfully exploited for solving a broad range of problems in many areas of computing, engineering, and optimization. The applications of CRO can be broadly categorized into different domains such as quadratic assignment problem (QAP), RCPS problem, energy systems, for example, OPF problem and ELD problem, hydro-thermal scheduling, training NN, fuzzy rule learning problem, communications and networking problems, for example, peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming, network coding optimization problem (NCOP), and cognitive radio spectrum allocation problem (CRSAP), sensor networks deployment problem, computing grid scheduling problem, bioinformatics, stock portfolio selection problem in finance. These applications are reported with a brief discussion of the problems in the following sections.
Hydrologie Metadata
Published in Praveen Kumar, Jay Alameda, Peter Bajcsy, Mike Folk, Momcilo Markus, Hydroinformatics: Data Integrative Approaches in Computation, Analysis, and Modeling, 2005
The word “meta” has its origin in the Greek language and means with, after, about, between, or among [1,2]. It is typically used as a prefix meaning “one level of description higher,” and has found its way into many words that we are familiar with though slightly different meanings emerge. For example, when used in metabolism or metamorphosis it refers to changes or alterations, while its use in meta-mathematics or meta-ethics indicates an interest in the concepts and results of the named discipline. There is also a widespread use of the word meta in the field of Chemistry, where it is used to differentiate an isomer or a polymer related to a specified compound like in metaldehyde, or to denote an oxyacid, which is a lower hydrated form of an anhydride or a salt of such an acid, as in metaphosphoric acid.
Advanced Oxidation of Phenolic Pollutants in Wastewater
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Sweta Parimita Bera, Günay Yıldız Töre, Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 2022
Oxidation of phenol starts with the hydroxylation of an aromatic ring by free hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxylation causes the formation of dihydroxybenzenes such as catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone, depending on the position of the hydroxylation in the aromatic ring. Resorcinol and hydroquinone are the products of meta- and parahydroxylation respectively, while catechol is the primary orthohydroxylation product. This is followed by the aromatic ring opening of the hydroxylation products with the subsequent formation of organic acids. These organic acids, except acetic acid, are finally oxidized to CO2 and H2O [41].
Interconnected soil iron and arsenic speciation effects on arsenic bioaccessibility and bioavailability: a scoping review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Tyler D. Sowers, Clay M. Nelson, Matthew D. Blackmon, Marissa L. Jerden, Alicia M. Kirby, Gary L. Diamond, Karen D. Bradham
Many unknowns remain regarding biogeochemical drivers of bioaccessibility variability observed across soils and IVBA assays. Therefore, the aim of this review was to 1) assess the influence of total soil Fe and/or As-Fe sorption characteristics on As bioaccessibility across 5 IVBA extractant chemistries, 2) discuss the effect of As speciation on gastric and intestinal phase IVBA and bioaccessibility correlations with bioavailability measurements, and 3) provide a framework for future research investigating soil chemical drivers of As bioaccessibility and influences on IVIVC. A meta-analysis was conducted of previously published As bioaccessibility data for 47 soils across 5 IVBA methods to investigate connections between soil Fe content, assay chemistry, and As speciation that affect bioaccessibility measurements and IVIVC. Although datasets containing paired bioaccessibility or bioavailability data and As speciation are limited, this review presents the current state of science while identifying avenues of research warranting future investigations.
Colorimetric paper bioassay by horseradish peroxidase for the detection of catechol and resorcinol in aqueous samples
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Ajinkya Dabhade, Sivaraman Jayaraman, Balasubramanian Paramasivan
Catechol is an ortho-isomer of benzenediol also called pyrocatechol and has many applications as a polymerization inhibitor, photographic developer, lubricating oil and in pharmaceuticals.[1] It is a toxic and persistent water pollutant in the environment.[2,3] Catechol is classified as a possible carcinogen to humans (group 2 B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).[4] Phenolic compounds such as catechol have been listed as priority pollutants by EPA.[5–7] It is toxic for most aquatic animals including fish at lower concentrations.[8] Resorcinol is a meta isomer of benzenediol widely used in the manufacturing of phenolic resins and pharmaceuticals.[9] The rubber industry highly consumes resorcinol (50%) with a 0.1% loss during tire production. About 25% resorcinol usage is for high-quality wood bonding applications and other uses are in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, dyes, hair dye formulations and pesticides .[10] Resorcinol is an endocrine-disrupting chemical, which can cause a serious impact on wildlife on release to the environment.[11] Coal carbonization and gasification industries are a major source of catechol and resorcinol in wastewater where its concentration ranges from a few mg/L to a maximum of 2000 mg/L.[9,12]
Formation of fiber composites with an epoxy matrix: state-of-the-art and future development
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Igor Е. Uflyand, Tamara F. Irzhak, Vadim I. Irzhak
In work,[207] composites with amorphous and crystalline polyheteroarylene fibers and glass fibers were studied. As an epoxy polymer matrix, MPD-cured RDGE (MPD is meta-phenylenediamine and RDGE is resorcinol diglycidyl ether) and MA-cured TGDDM were used. Cylindrical samples (6–7 mm in diameter) were tested, in the middle of which there were bundles of fibers (1–2 mm in diameter), and in the peripheral part there was a pure binder. The degree of curing of all samples was 96%, which was achieved by choosing a stepwise curing mode. The samples were annealed at a temperature of 10–15° higher than Tg of a pure binder for 6 h, followed by cooling at a rate of 0.2 deg/min.