China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biopesticides and the Toolbox Approach to Pest Management
Published in James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill, Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air, 2022
James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill
Development of triketone herbicides is a case of a natural pesticide leading to synthesis of highly effective synthetic pesticides. Observation of herbicidal activity (allelopathy) of an ornamental plant (bottlebrush) led to the isolation of the naturally occurring bioactive principle, leptospermone (Figure 12.2), and various synthetic analogs that are now commercial herbicides such as mesotrione (Figure 12.3). Mesotrione was brought to market by Syngenta in 2001. It is a synthetic analog of leptospermone which mimics the herbicidal effects of this natural product (Dayan et al., 2007). It is a member of a class of inhibitors that work by inhibiting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). HPPD is required by plants for carotenoid and plastoquinone biosynthesis; carotenoids protect chlorophyll from sunlight-induced degradation and plastoquinone is required for photosynthesis. When the HPPD inhibitor is present in plants, carotenoids are prevented from being made and photosynthesis is inhibited, causing chlorophyll to degrade, followed by plant death. Sales by Syngenta were more than $400 million per year in 2011, but expiration of patents beginning in 2012 has opened the market to other synthetic triketone herbicides (Wikipedia, 2021).
Impacts of Biochar Addition on Herbicides' Efficacy for Weed Control in Agriculture
Published in Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Interactions of Biochar and Herbicides in the Environment, 2022
Gabriel da Silva Amaral, Manuel Alejandro Ix-Balam, Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz
Application of biochars with low OC content in soils rich in OM may have resulted in the lower sorption of herbicides. Aminocyclopyrachlor and bentazone were better sorbed in unamended silty loam soil than in wood pellet biochar with low content of OC (Cabrera et al. 2014). This occurs because OC (from OM) dissolved in the soil competes with herbicide molecules for the binding sorption sites of biochars (Cox et al. 2004) – i.e., dissolved OC from the soil confers selective herbicide sorption to biochars by blocking micropores (Lou et al. 2017). In addition, herbicide sorption capacity of biochars in the soil varies over time, which is generally greater in fresh biochars than in aged ones (Martin et al. 2012). Picloram dissipated better in aged biochar-amended soil than in soil unamended of fresh biochar-amended soil (Gámiz et al. 2019a). Contrary, an aged biochar had a higher sorption capacity of mesotrione than fresh biochar, increasing the half-life time of the herbicide slightly (Gámiz et al. 2019b). In addition, dissolved OC increases the functional groups rich in O on the surfaces of aged biochar, which decreases the sorption of herbicides (Lou et al. 2017).
Role of Genomics, Metagenomics, and Other Meta-Omics Approaches for Expunging the Environmental Contaminants by Bioremediation
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Atif Khurshid Wani, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Nahid Akhtar, Chirag Chopra, Abhineet Goyal, Reena Singh
Besides conventional genomics and advanced meta-transcriptomics/proteomics (Figure 2.3), metabolomics, a metabolite profile study, is among the recent omics approaches that are helping the expansion of microbial studies (Figure 2.3) (Villas-Bôas and Bruheim, 2007). This has also helped to develop bioremediation strategies, which have already been made easy by metagenomics approaches (Figure 2.2) (Bonifay et al., 2016). A typical example is Sinorhizobium sp. metabolome analysis during the biodegradation of phenanthrene (Keum et al., 2008). The metabolome evaluation of Bacillus sp. was performed during the mesotrione (herbicide) degradation (Batisson et al., 2009). There have been several diversified approaches that have been expanded for metabolomics and thereby applied in microbial bioremediation. These strategies include mineralization assessment utilizing metabolic footprinting, metabolic engineering to enhance biodegradation, and biomolecular connectivity analysis (Malla et al., 2018). One of the researchers used the FT-IR approach for biochemical monitoring in phenol-resistant bacteria (Tables 2.1 and 2.2) (Wharfe et al., 2010). Metabolomics aims to utilize the existing analytical tools for microbial metabolite evaluation (Yang et al., 2019). This includes the NMR analysis of organic pollutants in soil bioremediation (Boersma et al., 2001). The degradation of demeton-S-methyl (pesticide) by Corynebacterium glutamicum was studied by Girbal et al. and analyzed by NMR (2000). Moreover, the bioremediation kinetics can be directly studied by 1H-NMR and 2D-NMR spectra analysis (Emwas et al., 2019).
Potential application of Pistia stratiotes for the phytoremediation of mesotrione and its degradation products from water
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Hanna Barchanska, Joanna Plonka, Angelika Jaros, Angelika Ostrowska
Mesotrione (2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nithobenzoyl]-1, 3-cyclohexanedione, MES) is a selective triketone herbicide that has been widely used for corn protection for the past 15 years. It is available under the trade name Callisto and generates over $400 million in annual revenues (www.agribusinessglobal.com/agrichemicals/herbicides, access 2019-01-30). It originates from leptospermone, a natural phytotoxin present in the bottlebrush plant (Callistemon citrinus), therefore it is believed to be less harmful to the environment than atrazine, which was replaced by mesotrione. In plant organisms, mesotrione inhibits the carotenoid biosynthesis (Le Person et al. 2016; Carles et al. 2018), hence, the visible effect of mesotrione on plants is the bleaching of leaves as a result of the loss of chlorophyll.
Enhanced disappearance of mesotrione and fomesafen by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in water
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Zhaojie Chen, Lulu Huang, Shiming Song, Yan Zhang, Yuanfu Li, Huihua Tan, Xuesheng Li
Mesotrione is abroad-spectrum selective triketone that is widely used as a pre-and post-emergence herbicide. Mesotrione is registered for the control of broadleaf grasses and some gramineous weeds, mainly in maize. It is also used in sugarcane and rice. The market has remained stable with steady growth. The heavy use and long-term application of mesotrione may result in pollution of nearby aquatic ecosystems via spray drift, soil leaching, or runoff, potentially leading to non-target effects (He et al. 2012). It has been reported that several kinds of vegetables are more likely to be exposed to mesotrione residues when they are cultivated in crop rotation with maize (Barchanska et al. 2014 ). Reportedly, the photolysis process of mesotrione in aquatic environments is inhibited, and the half-life of degradation reached 84 d (Richard et al. 2007). Moreover, mesotrione has been detected as an organic contaminant in aquatic environments and may have a negative impact on aquatic organisms (Ni et al. 2014). In humans, the use of mesotrione under recommended conditions may increase the level of plasma tyrosine transiently but not sufficiently to cause adverse effects (Lewis and Botham 2013). Because the use of mesotrione has gradually expanded and the toxicity of one of its metabolic products (AMBA) is greater than that of the parent compound (Bonnet et al. 2008), it is necessary to pay more attention to the pollution of water by mesotrione and to remove mesotrione from the water by some means.