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Importance of 2D Nanomaterials for Energy
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Energy Applications of 2D Nanomaterials, 2022
Sami Ullah, Faheem K. Butt, Junaid Ahmad
g-C3N4 has various phases of C3N4 including α-C3N4, g-h-triazine, β-C3N4, g-o-triazine, cubic C3N4, pseudocubic C3N4, and g-h-heptazine, and g-C3N4 is regarded as the most stable form. It was observed that the triazine and tri-s-triazine/heptazine rings are the fundamental tectonic units to develop the allotropes of g-C3N4 as shown in Figure 1.3a. This was according to the first principle density functional theory studies done by Kroke et al. [27]. Furthermore, the development of melon polymer from the melem by the polycondensation of urea, melamine or dicyanamide showed that the tecton was the most stable. Therefore, tri-s-triazine is considered as the basic building unit for the development of the g-C3N4 as shown in Figure 1.3a [28,29].
Linking Salinity to Microbial Biopolyesters Biosynthesis
Published in Martin Koller, The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 2020
Martin Koller, Stanislav Obruca, Gerhart Braunegg
In 2015, Danis and associates studied a series of five extremely halophilic archaeal isolates in order to trace the species displaying the highest PHA production capacity among them. Different inexpensive carbon-rich feedstocks were individually examined for their potential application for PHA production, among them cornstarch, whey, sucrose, apple waste, melon waste, and waste from tomato processing. Among these substrates, cornstarch turned out as the most promising feedstock for PHA production. The isolate 1KYS1 performed best regrading PHA productivity among the five investigated halophilic organisms. Using comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the close relationship of 1KYS1 to members of the genus Natrinema [Nnm.], and, within this genus, especially to the species Natrinema pallidum JCM 8980 was detected. The strain 1KYS1 reached a PHA content in biomass of 0.53 g/g when cultivated on starch as the only carbon source and 25% NaCl. The accumulated PHA, which was identified as PHBHV copolyester, appeared as large and uniform PHA granules when observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The copolyester PHBHV isolated from Nnm. pallidum was further blended with low molar mass poly(ethylene glycol) for the preparation of new biocompatible films to be tested in drug liberation experiments. Rifampicin was used as model bioactive compound in these experiments, with best rifampicin delivery efficiency being obtained at 37°C and a pH-value of 7.4, hence, under conditions approaching physiological conditions in the human organism [142].
Halogen-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Halogen-free flame retardants (Birnbaum and Staskal, 2004) cover a variety of chemicals which are commonly classified (PIN) as: Phosphorus-based flame retardants include organic and inorganic phosphates, phosphonates, and phosphinates, as well as red phosphorus, thus covering a wide range of phosphorus compounds with different oxidation states.Inorganic category comprises mainly metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. Other compounds such as zinc borate are used to a much smaller extent.Nitrogen-based flame retardants are typically melamine and melamine derivatives (e.g., melamine cyanurate, melamine polyphosphate, melem, melon). They are often used in combination with phosphorus-based flame retardants.Intumescent flame retardants are an example of a typical mechanism of halogen-free flame retardants. The combustible material is separated from the fire or heat source by an insulating foam forming at the surface. Intumescent flame retardant systems can be applied to decrease flammability of thermoplastic polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, and polyester and epoxy resins.
Optimisation of the hydrolysis of melon seed (Citrullus lanatus) husk with hydrochloric acid using response surface methodology
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2022
Kenechi Nwosu-Obieogu, Felix Osarumhense Aguele, Chinedu Matthew Agu, Chinelo Scholastica Onyekwulu, Kelechi Noble Akatobi
Melon (Citrullus lanatus) is an annual crop cultivated mainly for its seeds from which several products are obtained due to its edibility [1]. The annual cultivation of melon seeds in Nigeria exceeds 500,000 tones which are mainly processed to vegetable oil (75%), domestic consumption(10%) while a fraction is lost to decay (15%) [2]. The processing of melon to get the seeds involves the manual or mechanical separation of the seed to obtain the required edible pulp, this has led to the generation of a large quantity of melon seed shell dumped indiscriminately in the environment without recourse to its health risks and implications, hence the need to add value to melon seed shell by utilising it as a non-conventional source of cellulose [3–5].
Physicochemical and Bioactive Compounds of ‘Cantaloupe’ Melon: Effect of Ozone Processing on Pulp and Seeds
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2018
Fátima A. Miller, Joana F. Fundo, Cristina L. M. Silva, Teresa R. S. Brandão
Melon (Cucumis melo L.), due to its nutritional and organoleptic characteristics, is used by the food industry to produce large quantities of natural and healthy juices, as well as ready-to-eat desserts. This fact leads to an increasing number of corresponding by-products, partly in the form of seeds.