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Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow, Rebecca Krimins
[177Lu]Lutetium ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonate (177Lu-EDTMP) is another radiopharmaceutical recommended for systemic radionuclide therapy in patients with metastatic bone involvement, often in patients with breast or prostate cancer but not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The radiochemistry of Lu-177 is similar to that of Sm-153 [72]. Even though 177Lu-DOTMP showed encouraging outcomes, 177Lu-EDTMP was developed for human use, since EDTMP was already in use in the approved 153Sm–EDTMP treatment [80]. With favourable β- and γ-characteristics and favourable synthesis process, 177Lu-EDTMP is a good candidate for bone palliation purposes. Also, the formulation of a freeze-dried kit identical to the product 153Sm–EDTMP (Quadramet) was reported by Das and colleagues [81]. According to a review of Askari and colleagues, an average of 4.84-point drop (of 10) was observed in various metastatic cancers. The meta-analysis revealed a significant effect on the frequencies of summed overall palliative pain response (84 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 75 per cent–90 per cent; p < 0.001). However, a high level of grade III/IV transient anaemia (19 per cent) was observed in the patients [72].
Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology for Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Nanda Rohra, Manish Gore, Sathish Dyawanapelly, Mahesh Tambe, Ankit Gautam, Meghna Suvarna, Ratnesh Jain, Prajakta Dandekar
Lanthanides, also called rare earth metals, comprise the metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). Lanthanide nanoparticles (LNPs) have been primarily utilized for tagging receptors on the cell surface to facilitate diagnosis and/or delivery of biological macromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins (Wang et al. 2010). Their inherent photoluminescent properties facilitate upconversion of low energy light (NIR) to high-energy light (UV–Vis), due to which they have been named upconverting NPs (UCNPs). UCNPs generate a higher-energy output photon from two or more low-energy photons, which is one of the key reasons for upconversion. The photoexcitable property of UCNPs in the NIR (biological window) region limits any background cellular absorption and autofluorescence (Bandyopadhyay et al. 2015).
Separation of rare earth elements from mixed-metal feedstocks by micelle enhanced ultrafiltration with sodium dodecyl sulfate
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Borte Kose-Mutlu, Heileen Hsu-Kim, Mark R. Wiesner
Rare earth elements (REEs) include the 14 lanthanides, from Cerium (Ce) to Lutetium (Lu). In addition to these lanthanides, Lanthanum (La), Yttrium (Y), and Scandium (Sc) are also typically classified as REEs [1,2]. Lanthanides are chemically similar [3] but the physical behaviour of REEs may differ considerably [4], corresponding to a wide range of industrial applications of REEs that includes catalysts, magnets, polishing materials, batteries, glasses, and ceramics [5,6]. They have an especially prominent role in electronics and green technologies that is manifested by an increasing demand for these materials [7,8]. Neodymium (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy), Europium (Eu), Terbium (Tb), Erbium (Er), and Y, which are listed as critical REEs in several critical material reports, are increasingly targeted as strategic metals that may merit aggressive recovery as China is the only abundant country for REE production and export [9].
Nuclear Medicine in Oncology
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2018
Carla Oliveira, Rui Parafita, Ana Canudo, Joana Correia Castanheira, Durval C. Costa
The most commonly used radionuclides for therapeutic applications are: IODINE-131, ITRIUM-90, LUTETIUM-177 (beta minus emitters) and more recently RADIUM-223 (alpha emitter). Although the main basis for therapeutics has relied upon the availability of the beta minus emitters, there is a growing trend to study the implementation of new radiopharmaceuticals labelled with alpha emitting radionuclides, chemistry and radiopharmacology permitting. Examples of newly proposed alpha emitters are: AMERICIUM-241, ASTATINE-211 and, in particular, BISMUTH-213 obtained from a generator of ACTINIUM-225/BISMUTH-213. The debate continues over the most adequate characteristics for choosing radionuclides (either beta minus or alpha emitters) to use with molecular-targeted therapy. The resulting radiopharmaceutical pharmacokinetics, production costs and targeted cellular functions are some of the most difficult obstacles to overcome during their research and development of new radioligands for therapeutic, as well as for diagnostic applications.
Light, the universe and everything – 12 Herculean tasks for quantum cowboys and black diamond skiers
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2018
Girish Agarwal, Roland E. Allen, Iva Bezděková, Robert W. Boyd, Goong Chen, Ronald Hanson, Dean L. Hawthorne, Philip Hemmer, Moochan B. Kim, Olga Kocharovskaya, David M. Lee, Sebastian K. Lidström, Suzy Lidström, Harald Losert, Helmut Maier, John W. Neuberger, Miles J. Padgett, Mark Raizen, Surjeet Rajendran, Ernst Rasel, Wolfgang P. Schleich, Marlan O. Scully, Gavriil Shchedrin, Gennady Shvets, Alexei V. Sokolov, Anatoly Svidzinsky, Ronald L. Walsworth, Rainer Weiss, Frank Wilczek, Alan E. Willner, Eli Yablonovitch, Nikolay Zheludev
There is another feature of atoms which has no parallel with electrons or photons: isotopes of the elements. Here, it is the nuclear properties of the atoms that are important, determined by a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. Most elements in the periodic table have multiple stable isotopes, while radioisotopes are created by nuclear transmutation or fission. Isotopes are a great natural resource, with life-saving applications in healthcare, such as imaging of disease, targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis of malnutrition with stable tracers. Isotopes are also used in industry, for instance, for oil and gas exploration, and for national security in detecting dangerous materials. While there are already great applications in technology, isotopes are still a mostly untapped resource owing to the difficulty and cost of separation. The main method used today, the Calutron, was invented in the 1930s, and is very inefficient and expensive. This method relies on ionization of neutral atoms by electron bombardment, and separation by charge-to-mass ratio [156]. The only large-scale Calutrons in operation today are in Russia, and even these machines were built over 60 years ago. A new method was recently developed that is much more efficient than the Calutron, and will make isotopes readily available for technology. This method, Magnetically Activated and Guided Isotope Separation (MAGIS) relies on optical pumping of atomic beams and separation by magnetic-moment-to-mass ratio in a novel guide of permanent magnets [168]. This is more than just a long-term dream: the method will soon be implemented at a non-profit entity, the Pointsman Foundation, which will produce isotopes for medicine [53]. Within the next five years, production lines should be completed, assuring a worldwide supply of key isotopes. One example is Ytterbium-176, which is the stable precursor of the radioisotope Lutetium-177, a most promising agent in targeted cancer therapy. Beyond existing uses of isotopes, new applications are under development. These include imaging and treatment of heart disease with targeted radioisotopes, and inhibition of biofilms with pure beta emitters to reduce infection. We are on the cusp of an exciting era in which atomic isotopes will drastically improve our lives.